For the Benefit of the Child Essay

Jonathan Swift’s â€Å"A Modest Proposal† – applied to modern times – is focused on the idea that distribution of wealth is necessary for the future of the child living on welfare. But, what if there is very little or no money available to the child (through the government) to pursue his or her studies? The poor child, if he or she goes to school, would lag in the classroom for the reason that his or her parents cannot spend sufficient time to teach him after school. Children are applied to menial jobs, too, especially in the developing world. The developed world has had its indecent share of child labor in the past. When Swift’s â€Å"A Modest Proposal† was first published, there were far too many problems facing the child in the now-developed world. Although many of those problems were resolved as education yielded dividends in the now-civilized world – there are problems facing the poor child still. These problems are not limited by space and time. It is therefore essential to consider the problematic issues facing the poor child in the modern world. This exercise is meant to increase our timeless appreciation of â€Å"A Modest Proposal. † After all, poor children around the world continue to face the troubles confronted by the poor child of Swift’s time. George Orwell was correct when he wrote that â€Å"All animals are created equal but some animals are more equal than others,† actually referring to human beings whom scientists refer to as animals (5). Throughout the history of humanity, people have generally known that they were created equal. And yet, there have been separations, discriminations, dissimilarities, and inequalities, for the reason that God, Nature or Evolution – depending on what we choose to believe in – did not grant equal abilities, talents, and gifts to all human beings. Some men are richer and more intelligent than the others. Some are born deaf, dumb, and blind. And, some must rely on income support because they just cannot beat poverty on their own. But, what if income support is insufficient to meet the child’s intellectual needs? What if he or she is potentially brilliant but cannot do so well in the classroom because his parents cannot buy him books to read in the home? According to the United States Bureau of Census, the most recent poverty rates of children are higher than ever. A large percentage of children in the classroom are coming from low socioeconomic households. And, a huge amount of research has shown that a child’s socioeconomic status affects his or her intelligence level as well as academic achievement (Milne and Plourde). Vail writes that children from high poverty environments â€Å"enter school less ready to learn, and they lag behind their more-affluent classmates in their ability to use language to solve problems (12). † What is more, children’s socioeconomic status has been found to affect their consistency of attending academic institutions, in addition to the number of formal education years they eventually complete. Many researchers believe that there is a positive correlation between socioeconomic status and academic achievement. Still, Caldwell and Ginther have reported that â€Å"[w]hile low-SES is highly correlated with low achievement, some low-SES students are academically successful (142). † Then again, the words ‘vicious cycle’ are often used when poverty is discussed. In a groundbreaking ethnographic study, Milne and Plourde discovered that children from low socioeconomic households who do well at school have parents who make sure that their children have educational materials available at home. All low socioeconomic families with children who are high achievers at school have books and writing materials for their children at home, even if these families have to rely on support systems to supply them with educational materials. What is more, these families have time allotted every day for their children to engage in academic activities, including homework, with their parents’ participation. These families also believe in monitoring the use of television by their children (Milne and Plourde). All of the mothers in this study had at least completed tenth grade in school, and expressed that they would like their children to know the importance of education too. The parents of these children openly talked about the importance of education with their children. Finally, they all agreed that they did not want their children to believe that schooling was an option. Rather, education was considered a necessity in these homes (Milne and Plourde). All the same, such families are few indeed. Not all poor children have mothers that show interest in education. Similarly, a poor child’s needs may be disregarded completely if his or her parents are alcoholics that use up all income support on liquor. After all, there are frustrations in the poor child’s home, and these may take the form of drug abuse or domestic violence. If not, a poor child’s parents may send him off to work. Swift’s scenario for the poor child may take another shape in India, for example. In that part of the developing world, poverty is intense, with 41 percent of the world’s poor. So therefore parents encourage their children to work instead of going to school. The policy of the Indian government on child labor has evolved over many years. The country did not find it possible to ban all forms of child labor at once, seeing that working children contribute greatly to household income. Besides, the country finds that children contribute to economic growth, being the cheapest labor force (Krueger and Tjornhom). As mentioned previously, child labor laws took time to develop in the now-developed countries, too. Children were recognized as economic assets before regulations stepped in to either stop the employment of children altogether or vastly reduce their representation in the labor force. As an example, Bradbury, in her book, Working Families: Age, Gender and Daily Survival in Industrializing Montreal, takes the reader down Montreal’s streets and into the dwellings of working class families who helped shape Canada’s industrial revolution. The lives of working men, women, and children have all been documented (Bradbury). If Swift’s child enters their lives, he or she would be a welcome part of the working family described by Bradbury. Likewise, McIntosh, working at the National Archives of Canada, has produced a well-documented book on child labor during the 19th and early 20th centuries: Boys in the Pits: Child Labour in Coal Mines. The book is an exploration of the history of boys between the ages of 8 and 15 who labored hard in the mines and were known only for their work. Such children may also join Swift’s circle of little friends in â€Å"A Modest Proposal. † The fact remains that children continue to be disproportionately hurt by poverty in our time – of sports cars, rockets, and lots more. If properly trained, many of the same children may add great value to our world. But, there are problems such as poverty and illiteracy that refuse to go away. No matter how one tries to attack poverty, it takes a U-turn to complete its cycle after cycle. Swift’s â€Å"A Modest Proposal† takes such a dismal view of poverty with an electrifying hope, which the author displayed through satire. On a similar note, it is possible to suppose that the vicious cycle of poverty would break once and for all, at some point in time, for all poor children of the world. Regardless of our beliefs about the reasons for poverty, the government has shouldered the responsibility to care for the poor by spending a part of its spending budget on income support programs such as social insurance, public assistance, and work/employment programs. In order to raise the standard of living of the poor, the government also considers education as an essential social welfare program. Still, there are poor children with parents that refuse to buy them books and other educational materials for use at home, even though the government is providing them with income support. What should the government do in order to break this cycle of illiteracy and poverty combined? – Perhaps a paradigm shift is in order. To provide for and educate every child, it is the government’s responsibility to educate every parent. Perhaps it would take the advertising industry to work alongside the government to boost sales of books instead of booze. For the benefit of the poor child, many changes are called for. Works Cited Bradbury, Bettina. Working Families: Age, Gender and Daily Survival in Industrializing Montreal. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007. Caldwell, G. P. , and Ginther, D. W. â€Å"Differences in learning styles of low socioeconomic status for low and high achievers. † Education (1996), 117, pp. 141-148. Krueger, Dirk, and Tjornhom, Jessica. â€Å"Economic Inequality and the Emergence of Child Labor Laws. † Discussion Paper. Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (Aug 2002). 11 Nov 2008. . McIntosh, Robert. Boys in the Pits: Child Labour in Coal Mines. Montreal, Quebec: McGill- Queen’s University Press, 2000. Milne, Allison, & Plourde, Lee A. â€Å"Factors of a Low-SES Household: What Aids Academic Achievement? † Journal of Instructional Psychology (Sep 2006). Orwell, G. Animal Farm. London: Secker and Warburg, 1945. Vail, K. â€Å"Grasping what kids need to raise performance. † The Education Digest (2004), 69, pp. 12-25.

Parenting Skills 5.09

Parenting Skills 5. 09 Lab Questions (A) Temper Tantrums 1. How can parents avoid temper tantrums? Parents can avoid temper tantrums by having a plan for when they are put in this situation. 2. What are the A, B, C’s? The A is the attribute that you would want your child to acquire. The B is the behavior that you want to go along with the attribute. And C is compassion that you want your child have to go along with their behavior. 3. Do you think using consequences and following the ABC process will help shape a child’s behavior? Why or why not?I do believe that using consequences and following the ABC process will help shape a child’s behavior. As long as the consequence is related to the offense it will make a difference. The child will realize that you are serious and will want the consequences to stop; thus molding the behavior. (B) Developing Language Skills in Babies 1. What are some of the reasons why people may not talk to babies as much today as they use d to? People may not talk to babies as much today as they used to because the family structure has changed and everyone is too busy. 2. Why do you think developing language skills is important for a child?Developing language skills is important for a child because it affects their ability to make friends and be sociable and emotionally well fed beings. 3. What are some of the ways that parents can encourage the development of language skills? Parents can encourage the development of language skills by communicating with their child and listening to them so that they can practice. (C) The Importance of Bedtime Reading 1. How many parents never read to their children at bedtime according to the study? What might prevent parents from reading to children? According to the study one in ten parents never read to their children.A parent’s busy schedule normally prevents them from reading to their children. 2. What are some of the benefits of reading to children? Include infancy thro ugh young school age children. Reading helps to improve concentration and listening skills in children. Without these two skills a child will find it very hard in school to concentrate effectively. 3. Did your parents or other caregivers read to you as a child? What effect do you think this had on you? My mother read to me on numerous occasions as a child. I believe that this is the reason why I love books and I have a relatively high vocabulary.

Astrology Really Works Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Astrology Really Works - Essay Example This correlation does not provide any prove of causality, but for most astrologers, the information available is good enough. Astrology has several things that it is able to perform better than just random guessing. Astrology’s case is that it is amid the many enduring beliefs held as true by human. It joins us with the universe and the entirety of things, offers a fundamental way of describing ourselves and, it applies a variety of techniques (Dean). Practically an affectionate and compassionate astrologer offers a low priced and non threatening treatment that is otherwise difficult to obtain. The astrologer offers emotional condolence, spiritual back up, and entertaining agenda to arouse self-evaluation. New ideas always emerge which could elicit spiritual cognisance. In an inhumane society, an astrologer gives individualized support at particularly low costs, which cannot be offered by any other practitioner, or by random guessing. There exists logical support for the claim that astrology works better than random guessing. This can be better explained by the Magi breakthrough which is comprised of tossing out all the data of birth apart from the date as well as tossing out every chart factor apart from the interplanetary aspects, analogs and contra-analog (Dean). An analog or contra-analog exists when two planets possess similar or opposite declination. Astrologers who advocate that birth moments are essential and that just the entire chart can be used may be compromised. Declination happens to be the new dimension, although it has been applied by several astrologers. The justifications available for this enormous leap are informative. Birth times cannot be used since even the birth certificates with the exact time tend to be wrong. Declinations are the ones which can be used since it is not possible to interpret fully birth charts in their absence. Astrology critics can weaken the claim that it certainly produces dependable information. The critics c laim that astrology is untrue (Dean). They claim that it has not added to human cognition and that it claims the reputation of science but does not employ the scientific methods. They criticize that it has been unsuccessful in many tests, that it does not offer benefits above those generated by factors that are non-astrological and that users usually disagree on fundamentals like those used by zodiac. It is clear through several evidences that astrology is quite accurate in ascertaining an individual’s personality and in overseeing his or her experiences to a given standard. This level of accuracy, however, is determined by the experience of the astrologer involved. There exist theories that provide prove that astrology works. These theories include the solar wind, the cosmic pattern and the spiritual theories that are based on Karma. It is necessary to note that these theories do not collide with each other and instead they are only separate interpretations on the way astrol ogy works. The solar wind is an energy particles stream from the sun’s corona. Those events that occur in the sun do affect the earth, because we are in the earth’s magnetic field.  

Outline and critique the subjective interpretation of probability Essay

Outline and critique the subjective interpretation of probability - Essay Example In normal conversations, one might say â€Å"the storm will hit the city†, usually, the person does not imply that the storm hitting the or not hitting the city is a random factor and that the odds presently favour, such a person in normal conversation qualifies the statement to a degree of confidence. When in a newspaper it is written â€Å"the most probable explanation† of the Mother Gaston Boulevard Street in Brooklyn, New York is that it was named after Mother Rosetta Gaston. The statement does not imply that Mother Rosetta Gatson is not favoured by a random factor, but it is pretty much the most plausible reason that can be given to the evidence, which disputes others that are less likely. Subjectivist Probability This category implies a situation in which an argument may be allocated whatever the circumstance, even when no random process is involved, in a bid to show the subjective plausibility, or the level to which the argument is aided by the existing evidence. In a number of situations, subjectivist probabilities are taken to imply the degrees of belief, defined in the manner in which an individual is capable of gambling at certain odds. ... Mathematically, this can be defined as P (A) = NA N The mathematical definition has its limits, which was not taken into account, the theory failed to consider numbers that could run to infinity and merely considered finite number of possible outcomes. There are some random games for instance as tossing of a coin-like object until it gives a tail might run into endless set of outcome- infinite outcomes. Additionally, one may need to determine beforehand all the likely outcomes are equally plausible without depending on the concept of probability to avoid circularity for example by symmetry concerns. The frequensists suggests that the likelihood of an occurrence is the relative frequency over given number of times, which is the relative frequency of happenings after repetition of a process over considerable amount of time, given similar conditions. The occurrences of events are presumed to be under certain random physical phenomenon which is basically not knowable. Outsides the confin es of theory and into the real world, tossing of a dice and spinning of roulette wheel can be examples of such. Other scientist suggests that the radioactive decay might be included as a possible example under the frequency probability. Frequency theorists argue that when one is tossing a coin, the probability of getting a tail is 1/2, they don’t rely on the simple explanation of chance, but rather on the expectation that a repeated series of numerous trials show that the empirical frequency will ultimately converge to the limit ? as the number of tossing goes to infinity. The mathematical definition hence becomes, therefore P (A) = P. this approach is not without its set back, infinity is assumed

Audit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Audit - Essay Example This has resulted in the emergence of the phrase that â€Å"auditors are the dogs that did not bark during the crisis†, and thus their role in helping avert financial crisis through detecting and reporting any anomaly or perceived misrepresentation of the financial truthfulness of organizations has been put to question (Fielding, 2011 p35). Therefore, considering that there are four major auditing firms that operate globally and monopolizes the European Union regions, namely PricewaterhouseCoopers, Ernst & Young, Deloitte and KPMG, concerns have always arisen regarding the collusion between the auditing firms and their clients to give unfair and unbalanced financial reporting information and opinion (Clifford, n.p.). This has necessitated the need for introducing reforms that would see the already existing collusion, as well as the conflict of interest in auditing, effectively addressed (IFAC, 2013 p36). EC audit reform proposals and the underlying areas of concern that they s eek to address First, the EC audit reform proposes a system of compulsory rotation of audit firms amongst their clients (Crump, 2011 n.p.). This proposal has arisen from the fact that; it has been noted that many firms and organization have enlisted the services of a single audit firm for many years, even running for decades, something that has made it possible for the audit firms and their clients to develop a collusion mechanism that prevents the auditors from applying prudence in auditing the transactions and the financial reports of their longstanding clients (Irvine, 2013, n.p.). The effect of this has always been unbalanced and misleading audit reports, which are only proven wrong, when such firms are eventually netted in big financial scandal or when the firms are forced to close down, due to financial problems, despite the fact that their previous reporting and audit reports have been indicating favorable financial positions (Garcia, 2005 p56). Consequently the EU has introd uced a proposal requiring that the client firms will have to change their auditors after a maximum period of 6 years, or a maximum of 9 years, on condition that the client firms have enlisted the services of joint auditing services, since there is a potential of the audit firms increasing the quality of the auditing done, when the firm is audited by two different firms (IFAC, 2013 p42). Thus, this proposal was meant to introduce measures that would encourage joint services, even where it is has not been made obligatory; to avert the problem of conflict of interests and collusion, amongst the auditing firms and their client firms (Orlik, 2011 n.p.). Mandatory audit tendering The EC reform proposal also introduces a proposal for the audit client firms for all public-interest entities to mandatory introduce obligatory open and transparent selection procedures for the new firms (Lovells & Banerjee, 2011 p44). Under this requirement, the EC also proposes that the audit committee should e ffectively be involved in the selection procedure of the new auditors, to ensure the prudence of the selection process, since the auditors selected also influences the nature of the reporting and financial opinion given by the audit firms

Left brain vs right brain thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Left brain vs right brain thinking - Essay Example The left hemisphere is usually associated with symbolic processing as well as rational thinking while the right hemisphere is for art, intuition and creativity. Information from the Center for Educational Research and Innovation also points out that the left brain is verbal, logical and analytical, while the right brain is more emotional, holistic, synthesizing and visuo-spatial in its operations (Neuromyth 6, 2013). The proofs for the asymmetry of the human brain are not only scientific but also a result of a long period of study of biology and evolution. In fact, according to Hellige (1993), asymmetry in the human brain affects behavior, although, because of a lack of substantial evidence, this proof still sounds more like mere speculation. Moreover, he adds that other species of animals also have asymmetries too, thus there seems to be no reason why human beings should not exhibit the same quality. Another thing is that sometimes the theory of asymmetry is contradicted by others because it seems that differences in right and left brain functions are only pronounced in certain individuals but are weak in others. However, the fact is that individuals differ in their asymmetry or in the way the right and left hemispheres interact. Perhaps, for some it is more pronounced and for others it is not that obvious, especially among â€Å"whole-brained† people, or those with more or less balanced functioning of both brain hemispheres (Oflaz, 2011). Another reason why asymmetry is sometimes not obvious is that it gradually develops and evolves throughout one’s lifetime and throughout evolutionary history. Moreover, another reason why sometimes the differences between the two brain hemispheres are unnoticeable is that asymmetry is affected by several biological and environmental factors from the moment the brain forms in the fetal stage up to

Healthcare Information Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Healthcare Information Systems - Essay Example Alternatively, the discipline is divided into four different categories; the clinical information systems, strategic decision support, management and e-health applications. In the healthcare information systems, the clinical information system is the kind of system that supports patient care. Alternatively, this system entails the computerized patient record systems, patient monitoring systems, automated medical instrumentation, nursing information systems, clinical decision support systems, pharmacy information systems and the laboratory information systems (Ginter, 2013). Most of these systems tend to support clinical education and research. In the contemporary word, the clinical information systems tend to create a significant competitive advantage due to its effectiveness and efficiency when it comes to patient care (Ginter, 2013). The clinical information systems also act as a health problems dictionary for clinicians since they offer a perfect background of patient’s health. Management information system or rather the administrative information system is the type of system that tends to support different health care areas apart from the direct patient care. In most cases, the management information system includes the financial information systems, payroll, human resources systems, materials and facilities management, purchasing, billing, office automation, outpatient clinic scheduling among others (Wager, 2013). Also known as the strategic information system, this healthcare information system attempts to take immense unorganized data quantities and turn the data into useful information that enables administrators to make better decision (Ginter, 2013). Most of these decisions regarding the information systems involve the organization of data and the interpretation of the output involved. E-health application is a contemporary term in health care practice that is mainly supported by electronic communications

A Comprehensive research project into the next generation of the buzz Essay

A Comprehensive research project into the next generation of the buzz word web 2.0 and the technologies that will define it - Essay Example It is difficult to talk about internet without mentioning the Web. Internet started as a communication tool for U.S. military for sharing information over a distance. In 1958 the U.S. Department of Defense started the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). The main aim of APRA was to develop defense technology but later it also became a hub for computer research and technology. APRA wanted to develop a method to connect its base site with its computer research laboratories dispersed at different locations in U.S. In 1960’s, Paul Baran (at RAND) and Donald Davies (at UK National Physical Laboratory) developed a new technique called ‘packet switching’ (as opposed to circuit switching) in order to make the data transmission more reliable and efficient. In 1969, four computers (located at computer research labs of University of California at Los Angeles, Stanford Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Utah) were connected thus creating APRAnet. In 1971, more computers joined the APRAnet (including NASA and Harvard) and number increased to fifteen. The year 1973 saw ARPAnet going global and Norway (Norwegian Royal Radar Establishment) and England (University College of London) also joined the net. The networking protocol was called Network Control Program. The total number of host computers connecting through APRAnet increased from 40 in 1973, to 111 in 1977 (Hobbes Internet Timeline). After APRAnet, other similar networks were created for special purposes. UUCP connected the computers having UNIX operating system and USENET (Users Network) connected academic community. Networks like CSNET (Computer Science Network) and BITNET (Because It’s Time Network) were also developed to connect universities and research centers. These networks had the capability to exchange information with APRAnet and among each other. APRAnet was split into two networks in 1980’s and a separate

The Role of Public Relations in a Modern Liberal Democracy Essay

The Role of Public Relations in a Modern Liberal Democracy - Essay Example Some experts contend that the extent to which media works as a public sphere, representing the civic populace, while remaining free and accessible to all, works as a chief indicator of democracy within a political order. This stems from an old tradition that positions media at a juncture between the governed and the governors. Thus, from this viewpoint democracy appears as a relative concept, where its nature is dependent on the movement of public information. This, in turn, helps to ascertain to what extent the citizens can take steps grounded in informed decisions to make the governors liable for their activities. From the perspective of the orthodox democracy theory, the public sphere is a realm between the two distinctly separate two areas, civil society and the state, which ensures protections for each individual within the society. According to the Liberal theory, the public sphere is equal to the political sphere, and the mass media’s public role is delineated in relati on to the state. The liberal theory theorizes on the virtues of civil society's ascendency over the state (Curran 1991). Along with this, it also views the market as the process optimally suited for addressing all information requirements of society. However, as market-led information to tend to move through privatization, conglomeration and deregulation, after a certain limit it fails to meet the requirements necessary for maintaining democratic ideals of freedom and equal accessibility (Garnham 1986). Major contentions to the liberal press theories have faced challenges from the other democratic theory pertaining to the Marxist viewpoint. From the position of an orthodox Marxist, within capitalist societies, the public sphere tends to disguise the ascendency of media that does not directly confront the liberal nature of the public sphere. Instead of breaking out of the dichotomy that exists between a liberal civil society and the state, Marxism rejected all reforms within the publ ic sphere and considered socialist transformation as the only solution. In this context, to overcome the weak points as seen within the orthodox liberal democracy theory and Marxist theory, Curran suggested amalgamation of the collectivist approach with a general market approach, for democratisation of public sphere by making it more representative and accessible. Analysing mass media as a part of the public sphere from a modern perspective has helped modern liberal democracy theory to transcend the traditional civil society-state polarisation that has dictated all media debate until recently (Dahlgren 1991). Orthodox democratic theory rejected the method in which differences were made between public and private domains, which currently is the chief factor in the definition of public sphere within the realms of liberal democracy theory. The mediation role of mass media and broadcasting currently encompasses almost all areas extending from the home to the workplace (Curran 1991).  

Personal statement for ucas Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

For ucas - Personal Statement Example I have practiced dancing for twelve years and instructed dancing in schools like IISC. Through my dancing skills, I have managed to achieve a government award in 2007. I love concerts and seldom miss any occasion. I have participated in cultural events like at the Indus, and danced at the Indus cultural festival like the ‘Mamma Mia, and We Will Rock You Musical’. As a kid, I had the passion of becoming an engineer, which motivated me to excel in subjects like Mathematics and Physic. I have conducted a full length research on, "How the temperature affects the magnetic field of different magnets" and wrote a 4000 words essay on the research. I conducted this research in a PHD research university in my 11th grade summer vacations. As a young adult, I had asked for career advice from a motivational speaker who had visited my school. Henceforth, I have found learning Mathematic to be interesting, since it is a powerful tool for analyzing and solving problems. Mathematics has several specialization segments like pure and applied mathematics. Additionally, I love Physics since it assists in understanding the world deeply by its information. I learned about Electrical Engineering in my initial school and assistance from my bigger brother. He is a Civil Engineer doing well in his line of specialty. Furthermore, he is my role model, since we share the same dream of being engineers. In particular, I realized that my passion was in Electrical Engineering. My career master rightly advised me on the path to follow to be an Electrical Engineer, which I followed it to the latter. My college years have vastly acquired me with educational and managerial skills. My internship at the Battery Industry (Amaron Battery Industry) instilled managerial and leadership skills in me. I was exposed to dealings within the learning institution; hence I am armed with administration and managerial skills. Taking part in the science

Tourism Economics Essay Example for Free

Tourism Economics Essay Overview According to Dr. Warren H. Lieberman (1993), yield management or revenue management is the practice of maximizing profits from the sale of perishable assets by controlling price and inventory and improving service.   Sheryl E. Kimes of Cornell University, in turn, defines yield management as the control of customer demand through the use of variable pricing and capacity management to enhance profitability.   Finally, Kevin Donaghy, et. al. put forward in 1995 that yield management   is a revenue maximization technique which aims to increase net yield through the predicted allocation of available capacity to predetermined market segments at optimum price. Yield management (YM) has become widely accepted and used by capacity-constrained hospitality and tourism organizations in order to achieve optimum resource utilization and ensure wealth maximization.   Ã‚  For the use of this paper, we shall focus on the hotel industry. Yield Management Hotels Yield management in hotels, as Lieberman (1993) concisely puts, is the use of   information, historical and current, in combination with policy supports, procedural supports, and statistical models, to enhance a hotels ability to carry out a number of common business practices and thereby increase both its revenues and its customer-service capabilities.[1] Hotel capacity is not part of the institution’s inventory, and thus continuous operation without occupancy translates to overhead and opportunity costs.   The yield management approach allows the management to avoid these costs by providing a rational and systematic framework for management decisions.   Huyton et al. (1997) argues that the hospitality and tourism industries of the 90s are best remembered for their adaptation and refinement of yield management systems. Preconditions of YM Kimes (1997) identifies five preconditions for the successful application of YM.   These are: Fixed capacity Hotels are capacity-constrained, i.e., their main products or goods cannot be classified in their inventory. These products or goods are perishable. Capacity can be changed by increasing the number of rooms, for instance, but this entails significant capital outlay, which is discussed next. High fixed costs Adding incremental capacity to a hotel is very costly and time-consuming.   These resource constraints (fund allocation process, planning and construction time, etc.) lead to the fact that capacity cannot be adjusted rapidly. Low variable costs The cost that hotels incur by booking a guest in a room that would otherwise be vacant is classified as a low variable cost. Time-varied demand Due to high fixed costs, hotels cannot match their capacity easily to correspond to peaks and troughs in demand.   Donaghy, et al. (1995), bolstering Kime’s explanation, argues that hotels can benefit during demand fluctuations or variations.   They can do this by controlling capacity when demand is high and relaxing that control when demand is low. Reservation systems are very beneficial in efficient demand management as products and goods are allocated prior to consumption. Similarity of Inventory Units As a general rule, YM systems operate in a situation where inventory units are similar.   Hotel rooms are basically similar. Ingredients of YM Differential pricing is one of the foremost ingredients of YM.   As a prerequisite, hotels must be able divide their customer base into distinct market segments, in order to apply the principles of differential pricing. A manager will be more confident in his/her decisions regarding the acceptance or denial of reservations when he/she is familiar with their organization’s booking and demand patterns. A sound forecasting system for peaks and troughs in demand, based on good knowledge of sales and booking data is essential in the manager’s task of effectively aligning supply and demand.   YM, according to Kimes (1997), is essentially a form of price discrimination[2]. The YM systems being used by hotels and airlines rely on opening and closing rate bands. Logically, periods of low demand prompt the service operator to offer discount prices. Conversely, periods of high demand will normally see the closing off of these discounts.   Ã‚  Offering multiple rates, on a different note, may enable the manager to align price, product and buyer in a profitable manner achieve a greater net yield and therefore. Another essential YM ingredient is overbooking. Overbooking levels are systematically set using historical data, present developments, and forecasted activities that are directly or indirectly related to the business operation of the hotel. As a final ingredient in a good YM system, an effective management information system should be present to handle the substantial amount of information needed for the construction of effective management decisions. YM approaches in the hotel industry Donaghy et al. (1995) discussed three basic YM approaches to the hotel industry in consonance with Kimes.   These are: Rate Controls Under this approach, there are two methods being practiced.   The threshold curve approach or the control chart method deals with opening and closing rate classes. This method makes use of the booking curve as a base. The bid price system is the second method, and it is based upon algorithms.   Put simply, it is a shadow process of the capacity constraint. Availability controls The availability controls approach is based upon the guests’ minimum and maximum lengths of stay.   It isolates arrivals, which, in turn, are managed by manual and/or computerized systems. Allocation approaches Originally, this approach made use of the expected marginal seat revenue (EMSR).   He further explains that it allows the allocation of inventory to price in order to develop booking limits for different categories[3] (Donaghy et al., 1995).   Bedrooms can be booked at the maximum rate as long as they are available.   However, they but may be restricted at lower discounted prices.   Revenue maximization for a given demand and capacity constraint is the focus of this approach.   Donaghy et al., quoting Yeoman and Ingold (1997), proposed an equation for yield management: Yield management : a chaos paradigm x rationale / normative decision model = logical incrementalism. The equation simply means that in an economic and political environment influenced by chaos theory, YM contributes to better decision-making processes. Importance of YM in the Hotel Industry The analysis of actual costs the factor that ultimately influences profitability is a requirement of yield management in its capacity management.   Following a logical pattern, decisions are more likely to generate more efficient yield-focused capacity management methods when they take account of and are based on cost of sales. Of course, the importance of forecasted demand, booking demand patterns and overall historical data cannot be undermined.   This is the main reason why yield is a crucial factor in adding `value to managing capacity. The yield segmentation process (YSP) is one such method that accomplishes this.   By incorporating incurred costs, YSP ultimately adds value to managing capacity.   Cross (1997) identifies segmentation as one of the steps in yield management. The YSP, put simply, aims to determine how much a customer is willing to pay.   By determining accommodation value of targeted audiences, YSP becomes instrumental in identifying a hotel’s target consumers for a given time period. A hotel manager derives answers from the YSP provides using a comprehensive segmentation of market segments, existing and potential. Because of this, practitioners are provided with reliable information and are therefore better-equipped for decision-making, specifically in the following aspects: price structures, preferable target markets (within the context of yield value), potential profit/yield per market segment, actual costs of supporting each market segment and decision-making mechanisms for targeting new market segments. Hoteliers, not unlike most sectors of hospitality industry already analyze their market in their own ways, varying in degree or method of analysis. A manager’s capacity-management methods are not greatly modified when a yield-focused approach is incorporated.   Their analysis of decision factors are enhanced and therefore value is added through:   Delivery products or services that dynamically meets the needs and wants of clearly defined market segments   Shift in increased revenue results and focus from capacity utilization maximization (translating to overall revenue) for every segment to profit maximization within each segment. A comprehensive market segmentation performed by a team qualified hotel personnel is required to achieve these aims.   This team should utilize all resources and make use of all the expertise found in the organization. To illustrate, this requires participation from the hotel’s various departments: sales and marketing, rooms inventory, front desk, finance, accounting, conference and banqueting, and of course, the senior management. Based on the pooling of expertise from the said departments, the management is supplied with essential data on which sound decisions would be based. Yield management can be applied to a wide array of business processes. Successful integration and application will result in higher satisfaction levels for customers, and consequently greater revenues for the hotel. However, substandard integration and application will probably lead to lower customer satisfaction levels and loss of revenue and profit. It is not enough merely to say that a hotel practices yield management. The real question to be addressed is â€Å"how is yield management being practiced?† By addressing this, the hotel will be able to find out what it could do better.   Furthermore, the hotel, through experience and refinement, will be able to identify the additional benefits it could derive from yield management. A successful yield management program continuously evolves according to the needs of the organization using it. Various tools and performance measures have been designed to assist hotels to quantify the benefit streams arising from specific yield-management actions. It must be stressed that yield management is not a computer system.   Moreover, on a more simple definition, it is not a set of mathematical techniques.   Ã‚  To reiterate, yield management is a method or approach to increase revenues and improve service by being agile, dynamic, and responsive to market demand. It is a way of doing business.   It is no question that computer-based tools are very instrumental in achieving higher levels of success for a yield-management program. In this age, the gamut of yield management’s benefits cannot be achieved without the aid of technology-based tools.     These tools facilitate several intrinsic processes of hotel business: demand forecasting, reservation cancellation, and recording/analysis of no-show activity.   This gives the hotelier better foundation on which to base decisions such as: Determining when to restrict discounts Estimating the displaced revenue of transient demand Recommending and controll reservation availability based on particular lengths of stay and rate Applying YM methods appropriately, a hotel can achieve better effectiveness in its business operations.   The results include the following:   Effective pricing or hotel rate structure Prudent limitations on the number of reservations for each room during any time frame, founded on the expected incremental profitability of each reservation. High adaptability of reservation policies leading to well-informed decisions on inventory-control actions Effective and profitable negotiations for volume discounts High responsiveness in providing guests/customers with the product or service they want or may want, coupled with profitable complementation of other hotel services/facilities. A generally healthier revenue generation from current and potential businesses Appropriate empowerment of reservation agents, thus making them more effective business arms. Limitations of YM in the Hotel Industry After establishing the applicability and approaches of YM in the hotel industry, we now discuss the arguments for YM’s limitations as compared to the applicability to the industry that pioneered the use of YM – the airline industry. Multiple night stays An airline seat’s use is limited to a day and a night. Hotel rooms, on the other hand, are booked on an entirely different basis. Hotel guests may arrive on off-peak or low-rate days and stay multiple nights, possibly through some peak or high-rate days. This situation translates to a dilemma regarding the appropriate rate for each guest. Multiplier effect A hotel’s accommodation is but one of the revenue-generating functions of the establishments.   Restaurants, health and wellness facilities, banquets, conference halls, and leisure facilities contribute significantly to the hotel’s profitable operations.   A hotelier is thus prudent to mind all the establishment’s revenue-generating functions and departments and ensure that they become complementary to each other. Lack of a distinct rate structure Hotels seldom have rate restrictions that airlines impose on their passengers. To illustrate, travelers who have paid regular rates are hindered from some benefits appropriated to those passengers who have availed of leisure rates. Decentralization of information Kimes (1997) states that hotel bedrooms in group hotels are often booked at rates below expected â€Å"because the central reservation system is not linked in the unit hotels property management system†. Conclusion The effectiveness of a yield management system is based on the depth of the understanding of the necessary ingredients, preconditions, limitations and decision-making variables of an industry. Flexibility and system adherence are indispensible requirements of any proposed system.   With these conditions in mind, the yield management system is optimized managing capacity profitability. Profit enhancement is the bottom line for YM. In hotel industries, this translates directly to the simultaneous improvement of occupancy and rate. Focusing on either one as a separate goal only   optimizes capacity utilization.   Capacity utilization optimization does not necessarily optimize yield. Yield management systems, applied correctly, can manage capacity profitably in hotels and most tourism and hospitality industries, if not all. Capacity management and yield management must not be confused with each other.   Capacity management refers to the efficient use of available space with the fundamental aim of improving overall revenue.   YM, in turn, also strives for the efficient use of available capacity.   However, its focus is on profit optimization rather than revenue optimization. Yield management is not a panacea for a hotel’s ailing business operations.   It is not a way of luring customers to pay higher rates or for them to simply spend more while in the hotel.   It is a continuously evolving process that, if applied correctly, can increase a hotels revenues and at the same time, be responsive to its market’s demands, enabling it to deliver effectively the goods and services best suited to the wants and needs of its customers.   How well yield management works for a hotel depends on how well the program is designed and implemented. BIBLIOGRAPHY   Belobaba, Peter. â€Å"Application of a probabilistic decision model to airline seat inventory control†. In Operations Research, 37:2. 183-197. 1989 Cross, Robert. Revenue Management.   New York: Broadway Books. 1997 Donaghy, Kevin. and McMahon, Una. â€Å"Managing Yield: A Marketing Perspective†. In Journal of Vacation Marketing, 2:1, 655-662. 1995 Donaghy, Kevin, McMahon, Una and McDowell, D. â€Å"Yield Management: An Overview†. In International Journal of Hospitality Management, 14:2, pp. 139-150. 1995 Donaghy, Kevin, McMahon-Beattie, Una., Yeoman, Ian. And Ingold, Anthony.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Realism of Yield Management†. In Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research 1:4. 187-195. 1998 Huyton, Jeremy, Evans, P, and Ingold, Anthony.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The legal and moral issue surrounding the practice of YM, Viewpoint†. In International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 9: 2,3. 84-87. 1997. Kimes, Sheryl. â€Å"The Basics of Yield Management†. In Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 30:3. 14-19. 1989 Kimes, Sheryl. â€Å"Yield Management: An Overview†. In Yield Management, Strategies for the Service Industries. (Eds) Yeoman, Ian and Ingold Anthony., London: Cassell. 3-11. 1997 Kimes, Sheryl.   â€Å"The Strategic Levers of Yield Management†. In Journal of Service Research, 1:2, 156-166. 1998 Lee-Ross, Darren. â€Å"Yield management in hospitality SMEs†. In International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 9:2,3. 66-69. 1997 Lieberman, Warren.H. â€Å"Debunking the Myths of Yield Management†. In Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 34:1,   34-44. 1993 Orkin, Eric. â€Å"Boosting our bottomline with yield management†. In Cornell Hotel and RestaurantAdministration Quarterly. 28: 4,.52-56. 1988 Orkin, Eric. â€Å"Yield management makes forecasting fact not fiction†. In Hotel and Motel Management, August 15, 112-118. 1988 Sieburgh, Jules. â€Å"Yield Management at Work in the Royal Sonesta†. In Lodging Hospitality, October issue, 235-237. 1988 Yeoman, Ian and Ingold, Anthony.   Ã¢â‚¬ Decision-making†, In Yeoman, Ian and Ingold, Anthony (Eds) In Yield Management: Strategies for the Service Industries. 101-119. London: Cassell. 1997 [1] Warren Lieberman. â€Å"Debunking the Myths of Yield Management†. In Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 34:1,   34-44. 1993 [2] Sheryl Kimes. â€Å"Yield Management: An Overview†. In Yield Management, Strategies for the Service Industries. Yeoman, Ian and Ingold Anthony (eds). London: Cassell. 3-11. 1997 [3] Kevin Donaghy and Una McMahon. â€Å"Yield Management: An Overview†. In International Journal of Hospitality Management, 14:2, pp. 139-150. 1995

pure economic loss negligence

pure economic loss negligence Many losses resulting from tort could be described as economic; the term is usually used to cover losses which are purely economic meaning those where a claimant has suffered financial damage that does not directly result from personal injury or damage to property, as when a product brought turns out to be defective, but does not actually cause injury or damage to other property. Catherine Elliott Frances Quinn (7th Edition). A plaintiff can claim in negligence if he suffers financial loss due to negligent mis-statement.Special relationship between parties and the special skill represented by the defendant together with Reliable reliance are the necessary elements required by a Plaintiff for establishing a liability in a professional negligence action.   Alberts trust and action can be discounted, as Barry was not qualified to provide professional advice pertaining to investment decisions. Also, the advice was imparted in a social set up and thus held little trust for serious consideration. Lastly, Albert had not specially requested for considered advice, mentioning to Barry that it would be adhered to. Therefore, the condition of notion of proximity was not satisfied. According to Lord Devlins formulation, a duty of care arose only when there existed a relationship Equivalent To Contract[1], between the claimant and the defendant, an application of the general conception of proximity, between the two parties. In the given scenario a special relationship between the parties was non-existent. Alberts reliance on Barrys advice was unjustifiable, as the loss suffered here was not attributable to the defendants negligent mis-statement; he had not voluntarily assumed responsibility towards the claimant. A duty of care would only arise if the defendant foresaw the claimants reasonable reliance on his statement. The case of HEADLEY BYRNE CO. LTD v HELLER AND PARTNERS LTD[2](HOUSE OF LORDS, 1964) applies to the given situation. Here the court held that if a professional person in the course of his business imparted advice, knowing that it was being relied upon, then he owed a duty of care to that person, to exercise reasonable care and skill, failing which, he would be liable in negligence. However, a disclaimer prevented any duty of care from arising. Since, the above is not applicable to Barry, he did not owe any duty of care to Albert. The advice I would give Albert is not to take recourse to legal proceedings. With so many factors working against him, the chances of a successful outcome were highly unlikely. It would be time consuming besides not being monetarily feasible. The claim being made in the County court would require regular legal payments and he might also end up being responsible for the legal costs of Barry since it would be difficult to prove that the loss was only due to Barrys negligent mis-statement. CASE II Although the claimant did not pay to receive the information, the essential element of  Ã‚  proximity between the defendant and claimant existed. Jim was aware that his advice would be acted upon in a specific way, making him responsible for the provision of accurate advice, which he failed to provide. Parties bound in a contractual relationship owe a duty to be careful while providing statements to the contracting party.  Ã‚  Reliance by the Plaintiff was reasonable as she had particularly requested considered advice. Therefore, although it was not in Jims professional capacity to provide legal advice, he owed her a duty of care.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The significant effect of the reliance element can be illustrated by MORGAN CRUCIBLE CO PLC V HILL SAMUEL BANK[3]  (1991) where the court held that defendants were liable for the claimants losses. It was reasonable for the claimants to rely on the defendants advice since the advice had been specifically prepared for the purpose of the take-over bid. The negligent professional owed a duty of care to the identified client.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the HEADLEY BYRNE CO. LTD v HELLER AND PARTNERS LTD (HOUSE OF LORDS, 1964) case, the bank was sufficiently precise, disclaiming any responsibility, thus preventing any duty from arising[4]. Jim however, did not indicate that the advice given was subject to a disclaimer and that it should not be relied upon, therefore, proving Mrs Smiths reliance on his statement as foreseeable and reasonable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the CAPARO INDUSTRIES PLC v DICKMAN[5]  (1990) case the court held that no duty of care was owed to the claimant. The accounts were not for the purpose of providing advice regarding investment decisions. There was insufficient proximity between the claimant and the defendants as the accountants were unaware that the claimants intended using the accounts as guides for investment. Although, Jim could argue that he lacked the required skills to provide advice regarding claims and that she should have made use of independent advice, this maybe shunned on the grounds that he was consciously aware of the claimants intention of adhering to his advice. The advice I would give Mrs Smith is to impose a claim, as the loss suffered by her because of not claiming her insurance was attributable to the defendants negligent mis-statement. He had voluntarily assumed responsibility towards her and therefore it was his duty to find out about any changes in law that affected her position. He owed her a duty of care and was clearly in breach of that duty. It would be reasonable to sue him in the County Court in order to make good the loss or otherwise try for an out of court settlement to avoid legal costs. CASE III   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The loss suffered here resulted from a negligent act, the basic rule for which is that a person can sue for economic loss consequent on physical loss suffered by the person, but may not sue if he has suffered economic loss alone. However, an exception to this rule is when there is sufficient proximity between the parties and one element in this maybe reliance by one on the other.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The loss arising from direct damage to Percys crops was an economic loss. The loss on profit arising from his inability to sell the damaged crop was a consequential economic loss'[6]. Financial loss due to his inability to plant and sell a further field of crops because of the state of the land was a pure economic loss'[7].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  SPARTAN STEEL v MARTIN CO[8]  (1973) is a case holding relevance in the given context. The court held that the claimants could only recover for the physical damage to the melt in progress, plus loss of profit on that melt, but not for the profits they would have made while the power was off. The damage to the melt was an economic loss while the loss of profit on that melt was consequent thereon but loss on profit caused by the power cut was not directly consequential upon any damage done and therefore a pure economic loss, and not claimable. Percy can therefore claim for the economic loss as well as for consequential losses thereon. However, he cannot recover the pure economic losses that were independent of the physical damage. Pure economic losses are usually not compensated for a number of reasons, including but not limited to the courts fear of the floodgate[9]  problem. Even in the case of  MURPHY v BRENTWOOD[10]  (1990,HL) the House of Lords held that no duty of care existed in case of apparent defects. The cost of remedying the defect was purely an economic loss and not recoverable.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Therefore, it is recommendable to pursue a legal claim in the County court for the loss Percy suffered as a result of damage to his crops and on the consequential losses but not for the pure economic losses. Preceding cases give sufficient assurance that Percy could claim for the former two. Since the losses suffered were quite large it would be reasonable for Percy to go ahead with legal proceedings. Word Count: 1324

Best Practice And Best Fit Approach In HRM Management Essay

Best Practice And Best Fit Approach In HRM Management Essay 1. Introduction The discussion between promoters of best practice and best fit approaches has sparked widespread controversy in the human resource management (HRM) area. The topic has gained much scholarly attention because it not only addresses a theoretical controversy but also possesses a high degree of practical managerial significance. The essay has the aim to analyse best practice and best fit approaches in HRM of a multinational enterprise. The reader receives insight into Lincoln Electrics organization through a case-study analysis of practical HR approaches serving as a basis for developing practical managerial implications in the last part of the paper. 2. Critical evaluation of best practice and best fit practices in HRM 2.1 Best practice approach The best practice approach claims that certain bundles of HR activities exist which universally support companies in reaching a competitive advantage regardless of the organizational setting or industry (Redman and Wilkinson 2009). Best practice models imply a close connection between HR practices and organizational performance and are often associated with high commitment management (Paauwe Boselie 2003). Empirical research in the best-practice field shows similar groups of HR polices which are especially suitable for maximizing performance irrespective of market and product strategies (Peffer 1998, Guest 2000). Best practice bundles of activities are characterized as mutually compatible HR activities which forge high levels of workforce competence, encourage motivation and introduce a workdesign boosting employee commitment (Maloney and Morris 2005). Based on concepts from expectancy theory (Vroom 1964, Lawler 1971) best practice HR will result in higher levels of quality, product ivity and low rates of absenteeism and wastage (Guest 2000). The best practice approach suffers from a series of limitations. Firstly, when implementing best practice standards organizations run risk of introducing mutually prohibitive combinations like team working and compensation based on individual performance resulting in a deterioration of employee collaboration through overexaggerated competition (Delery 1998 in Redman and Wilkinson 2009). Secondly, high commitment management systems are generally a complex undertaking requiring large inputs of planning and top level management commitment. Thirdly, critics like Milkovich and Newman (2002) argue that best practice HR lacks direct linkages with organizational strategies and is minted by the belief that outstanding high performing human resources will influence strategy. By making HR policy precede corporate strategy an organization risks prescribing standardized sets of one size fits all best practice approaches which will not support the particular needs of employees and be detrimental t o overall strategic objectives (Maloney and Morris 2005). Fourthly, discussions with regard to the appropriate choice of best practice measures resulting from an insufficient research methodology and theoretical definition exist (Marchington and Grugulis 2000 in Redman and Wilkinson 2009). 2.2 Best fit approach The best-fit model is considered as a variant from precedent models of Harvard, Michigan and York and is called matching model for HRM (Sparrow and Hiltrop 1994). It is based on developing HRM policies according to business strategy. Strategy involves planning future activities, performances objectives, and policies towards reaching the corporate aims. HRM strategy should be designed and applied to support the given corporate strategy (Lawler 1995). The best-fit approach questions the universality assumption of the best-practice perspective. It emphasizes contingency fit between HR activities and the organizations stage of development, an organizations internal structures and its external environment like clients, suppliers, competition and labour markets (Redman and Wilkinson 2009). HR policy should be minted by the appropriate context of individual employees and therefore support the overall competitive strategy. Aligning HRM practices to strategies can enable companies to create p otential competitive advantages (Schuler and Jackson 1987 in Redman and Wilkinson 2009). The best fit approach is also subject to sever criticism. Firstly, Boxall and Purcell (2003) criticizes that in a changing business environment companies and their strategies are subject to multiple alternating contingences and that it is merely possible to adjust entire HR systems to new challenges frequently. Secondly, as companies move through their life-cycle HR practices have to be aligned which leads to an alternating treatment of employees which can have a demotivating effect and show inconsistency in corporate culture (Boxall and Purcell 2003). 3. Analysis of Lincoln Electrics HRM approach 3.1 Evaluation: Best practice or best fit approach in certain HR practices 3.1.1 Selection practices For the hiring of its U.S. workforce Lincoln Electronic is applying best practice methods as it pursues a selective employment approach aiming at attracting skilled personnel that can connect to the companies high performance ethic and live up to quality standards. New hires have to pass a three-month probation period and prove their work dedication in trainee programme (Bjà ¶rkman Galunic 2003). For the established U.S. operations promoting experienced employees from within can be regarded as an element of best fit approach of aligning HR goals with corporate quality strategy (Lawler 1995). It is coherent with Lincolns strategy of binding the best employees and rewarding them for their long-term achievements with responsibility thus keeping its intellectual capital and ensuring a sustainable competitive advantage in fields of performance, knowledge and quality. In the international management Lincoln made the mistake of relying too much on inexperienced U.S. managers from within a nd only after the disaster of the international subsidiaries started to move from its unitary strategy towards a more responsive best fit approach to external environmental by hiring more internationally experienced external managers in China and Europe which fits the international expansion strategy (Hastings 1999). In its Chinese recruitment it adapts to the Chinese labor market by personally promoting and introducing prospective employees through senior management to identify personalities who can live up to performance, education and quality requirements applying a best fit approach (Bjà ¶rkman Galunic 2003). This is in line with common relationship and social network oriented selection practices in China (Warner 2005). 3.1.2 Training practices Lincoln is applying a best fit strategy which aims at enhancing employees abilities, technical and business knowledge through a significant investment in globally recognized best practice training methods (Marchington Grugulis 2000). Examples are a sophisticated trainee program for sales and engineering trainees, constant vocational trainings for experienced workers and regular work certification programs (Bjà ¶rkman Galunic 2003). These actions aim at supporting and maintaining the superior efficiency objectives creating core competences compared to industry rivals and a competitive advantage. Lincolns approach to training employees resembles the immersion training conducted by Toyota which also conducts extensive investment in workers qualifications to achieve highest productivity and quality (Spear, 2004). 3.1.3 Reward system The reward system which has been invented by founder James Lincoln is at the core of the successful individual performance working system. In the US, Lincoln employs a highly compensated piece-work system which is linked to individual employee performance based on a multitude of work-related factors (Bjà ¶rkman Galunic 2003). The reward system is able to motivate employees for achieving commitment through a remuneration which is at the top of its industry (Bjà ¶rkman Galunic 2003). Payment system possesses clear management commitment and is seen as the key for achieving outstanding employee commitment leading to advantages in costs, productivity and quality (Hastings 1999). Group collaboration within the company is created through specific bonus pools which are allotted to work group performance. The bonuses are then distributed to the members of that group according to their quantified relative performance on the semi-annual merit rating based on factors like idea generation, qu ality, reliability, dependability and output (Milgram Roberts 1995). Employees are closely bound to the organization through a long-term stockpurchase plan as part of their remuneration making them entrepreneurs at their workplace (Bjà ¶rkman Galunic 2003). Classification of the reward system in one of the HRM approaches is ambiguous. Lincoln invented the individual performance-system as the major component towards developing its employees for becoming its core strength through an unbeatable motivation and quality-drive (Milgram Roberts 1995). This is the utilization of the best fit approach minting HR towards organizational strategic objectives. The performance payment system has proven immensely successful becoming an internal best practice. Empirical studies by MacMillan and Schuler (1984) confirm the success of individual performance- pay with end-of-year bonuses at US bearings company Baimco and at the aviation company PEOPLexpress. For its global operations Lincoln is forc ed to abide by national restrictions in the legal environment (e.g. prohibition of piecework in Germany) and traditional working habits in the socio-cultural environment to align its reward system to local standards (Bjà ¶rkman Galunic 2003). In Europe, it is forced to conduct a best fit approach abiding by local regulations and adjust to differing standards of motivation where workers value benefits like vacation over annual bonuses. 3.1.4 Employee participation The best fit approach is also utilized for the field of employee participation. The company possesses an open-door policy where employees can contact management directly. Flat hierarchies with minimal supervisory management lead to very low communication barriers and wide-opportunities for taking responsibility (Milgram Roberts 1995). Due to participation is one of the evaluation criteria for employee remuneration Lincoln has a very high workforce participation rate concerning continuous improvement suggestions. Similar continuous improvement and feedback programs are also pursued by Japanese companies like Nissan in order to enhance productivity (Erstand 1997). That not only encourages idea generation but also directly involves employees in major decisions like the turnaround after the economic crises (Hastings 1999). Although workers are not unionized a very lively participation with the management board takes place through the Employee Advisory Board leading to a very high level of workforce loyalty. The best fit participation approach supports the core competence and sustainable competitive advantage of productivity and innovative quality as major strategic objectives (Pfeffer 1995) 3.2 External and internal factors influencing Lincolns HR strategy 3.2.1 External factors Firstly, the legal environment both in Lincolns domestic market and international markets significantly influences the HR strategy. Regulations regarding the legality of piece-work systems, vacation requirements and working hour limitations force Lincoln to adapt HR practices in all fields elucidated in chapter 3.1. In the U.S. more performance driven and entrepreneurial HR approaches are possible whereas regulations in Europe, Asia and Latin America force Lincoln to adhere to adapt local HR practices (Bjà ¶rkman Galunic 2003). Secondly, Lincoln is affected by the cultural diversity of its operations again creating barriers for the introduction of performance driven measures in markets like Western-Europe and China. Whereas in the U.S. traditionally hierarchy is low and employee idea generation is common, Chinese culture is more subversive and critical idea generation practices will fail (Zhu 2005). Similarly hiring and training practices are different across cultures: The U.S. and Europe allow for the application of best practices in recruitment and training. In Asia Lincoln needs to align to the environment of conducting rather relationship oriented hiring and in-depth skill development (Warner 2005). Thirdly, different market maturity and industry-life-cycles between developed and developing markets affect Lincolns HR approaches with differences in hiring, training and workforce participation. 3.2.2 Internal factors The first major internal factor affecting Lincolns HRM is the life-cycle of the respective subsidiary. U.S. and Canadian operations have a historical presence with high levels of employee loyalty, trust, identification with the individual performance culture and a well attuned work organization and low hierarchies (Bjà ¶rkman Galunic 2003). Due to recent acquisitions and Greenfield investments in Europe and Asia loyalty and identification with the overall corporate objectives and working ethics is unincisive (Hastings 1999). Lincoln is challenged developing HR-approaches to create employee involvement and implement the performance driven internal values. Especially, immense discrepancies between the subsidiaries international managers and the U.S. headquarters management are major obstacles for the development of globally coherent HRM strategies which can enforce the overall companys performance (e.g. objections against incentive system, language barriers, management philosophies) (Hastings 1999). Lincolns executives do not possess the required international management skills and are very much minted by idealized U.S. practices. 3.3 Practical managerial lessons and broad implications for HRM practices Practical managerial HRM implications which can be drawn from the Lincoln case are the following. Lincolns HRM strategy is based on a best fit approach designed to achieve an optimal vertical fit with the overall corporate strategy with a strong alignment towards the competitive strategic objectives of employee productivity and product quality on the companys domestic American market (Basset 1999). Lincoln is immensely successful on the U.S. market because it matches HR approaches to corporate, competitive and functional level strategy to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. Internationally, Lincoln is not able to transfer the U.S. model of best fit to its subsidiaries. Environmental factors like legal requirements and cultural differences make it impossible to use a system which is based on individual performance (Bjà ¶rkman Galunic 2003). Lincoln is limited in fitting its HR approach to what would be best for reinforcing its efficiency and quality driven competitive advantage. The Lincoln case illustrates that in a global context companies are influenced by a multitude of contingences. A universalist HRM approach within a MNC applying a certain bundle of HRM best practices will not render an optimal outcome for the entire organization (Sims 2007). According to Dowling et al (2008) International managers need to take a more detailed approach by identifying individual circumstances of national subsidiaries and fitting HRM strategies to achieve a mutual enforcement between local requirements and corporate strategy. For some a best practice approach might be a superior solution while for other subsidiaries only certain best practice elements (e.g. hiring, training, rewards etc.) might prove to be effective: In Europe Lincoln fails to develop any sort of HRM strategy which can satisfy the environmental requirements and reinforce its competitive differentiation strategy at the same time. Due to a lack of international knowledge Lincolns managers rely on the stat us quo (Hastings 1999). In Europe an introduction of best practice methods with a HPWS would have immediately allowed ensuring better control and performance in the newly acquired international subsidiaries through standardized practices (Maloney and Morris 2005). The best fit approach in Lincolns Chinese subsidiary incorporates lessons learned from the European failure: Lincoln is able to adapt HR strategy to environmental requirements of culture, legal requirements and the market and at the same time introduce best fit approaches in hiring and employee development to support its competitive strategy. The broader implication is that there is no single best way to approach HRM. Companies should design their approach according to elements of best practice and best fit to achieve the best possible outcomes. Studies conducted by Mendonca Kanungo (1994) and Cyert March (1963) show that the adaption of HRM approaches to local international environments is essential for companies leading to and adaption of processes and practices to fit with the local workforce. Successful MNCs like Unilever, Royal Dutch Shell and Nestlà © are those that conduct HRM strategies based on localized requirements incorporating elements from best fit and also standardized best practices (Briscoe Schuler 2004). In this context a localized resource-based HRM approach can be a good possibility to create synergies between internal competences with strategy and performance. 4. Conclusion To put everything under consideration, one can see that best fit and best practice approaches offer companies powerful tools for shaping human resource management processes. The case study has illustrated that an application of one bundle of best practice strategies across all geographies of MNCs, as proposed by Pfeffer (1998), is almost impossible because of regional differences in work-related practices, laws culture and characteristics of motivation. Similarly, sticking to a best fit strategy which is only aligned to the contingency of strategy and a neglect of environmental forces and internal capabilities can lead to a failure of HR in international markets. The case has shown that the concepts of best practice and best fit have to be analyzed and adapted to suit the localized needs of international subsidiaries in order to pave the way to overall global competitive advantages through HR.

Use of Irony to Portray Morality in Lord Byrons Don Juan Essay

Use of Irony to Portray Morality in Lord Byron's Don Juan In Don Juan, George Gordon, Lord Byron, diverges from his name-sake characterization with an un-Byronic hero, Don Juan. The poem has been viewed as nihilistic and immoral. Actually there is plenty present in the first canto to show morality and hope for humanity. The poem should be viewed as the author intended: "a satire on abuses of the present state of Society, an not an eulogy on vice..." (Bostetter 9). Don Juan is a satire and therefore the morals present are shown in an ironic way. If fact, he wrote in such an obvious ironic fashion that it is hard to imagine the message was lost on many. His ironic theme is based on what people think and what they actually do. In effect it is the masks people wear in public view and carelessly toss away in private. Hence he shows the immorality in society through their hypocrisy. The poem begins from the narrator's point of view. The narrator guides Juan's story and plays an important role because from his perspective we can see the reasons behind so many of the "immoral" circumstances in the poem. He begins with a search for a hero. After a search in his present time he states: "The age discovers he is not the true one" (Byron 5). He cannot find a hero in his time but he does acknowledge the existence of hero's in the past. "Brave men were living before Agamemnon" (Byron 33). Therefore he may be pessimistic about his time but not for the whole of humanity. Byron utilizes irony often, and it usually is through the narrator that the irony is drawn out. The narrator is detailing a background on Juan's parents and tells that they quarrel often. He says that it is no business of his that they quarrel. "I loathe that low vice cu... ... theme than morality is demonstrated when the effects of a restrictive education on a youth are shown? Byron, the best supporter of his work said: "I maintain that it is the most moral of poems; but if people won't discover the moral, that is their fault, not mine" (Trueblood 87). While he may overstate the morality of his poem, he does write the truth, the morality is there if one cares to find it. Works Cited Bostetter, Edward E., Ed. Twentieth Century Interpretations of Don Juan. NJ:Prentice Hall, Inc. 1969. Byron, George Gordon. Don Juan The Norton Anthology of English Literature The Major Authors, 6th ed. New York:W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 1996. Rutherford, Andrew. Byron A Critical Study. CA:Stanford University Press 1961 Trueblood, Paul Graham. The Flowering of Byron's Genius Studies in Byron's Don Juan. New York:Russell & Russell 1962.

Lakota Woman Essay -- American History Native Americans Essays

Lakota Woman Mary was born with the name Mary Brave Bird. She was a Sioux from the Rosebud Reservation in South Dakota. She belonged to the "Burned Thigh," the Brule Tribe, the Sicangu. The Brules are part of the Seven Sacred Campfires, the seven tribes of the Western Sioux known collectively as the Lakota. The Brule rode horses and were great warriors. Between 1870 and 1880 all Sioux were driven into reservations, fenced in and forced to give up everything. Her family settled in on the reservation in a small place called He-Dog. Her grandpa was a He-Dog and told about the Wounded Knee massacre. Almost three hundred Sioux men, women, and children were killed by white soldiers. Mary was called a iyeska, a breed which the white kids called her. She had white peoples blood in her. Her face was very Indian, but her skin was light. She hated being "white" and loved the summer because she would tan and make her look more Indian. She had a husband from the Crow Dogs which were full-bloods. They were the Sioux of the Sioux. Her people had very strong family ties and everyone cared for everyone. Still even though the white man has ruined their close family ties they have many traditions which keep the intermediate family closely tied together. The whites however completely destroyed the tiyospaye, which is the extended family like the grandparents, uncles and aunts, in-laws and cousins. The government tore the tiyospaye apart and forced the Sioux into the kind of relationship now called the nuclear family. Those who refused to be ruined by the government were pushed back in the country and into isolation and starvation. Her father, Bill Moore, was only part Indian and mostly white. He left almost immediately after Mary was born becaus... ...eonard returned home the entire town came to welcome him. When Leonard returned home the entire tribe came to welcome him. They had a big feast and Mary too was honored. Mary got a new name, Ohitika Win, Brave Woman. She was very honored and proud to have a True Indian name. Both Leonard and Mary had to get used to the changes they both endured over the time Leonard was in jail. Mary was no longer a shy Sioux woman walking with downcast eyes in the footsteps of some man. Mary and her sister were apart for a long time and grew far apart. They no longer viewed things as they used to. Mary Promised herself that she would Sun Dance for four years straight. She started to dance by making flesh offerings for those brothers and sisters who had died. "It was at that moment that I, a white-educated half blood, became wholly Indian. I experienced a great rush of happiness."

Hybrid Cars and the Reduction of Air Pollution Essay -- Environment Ec

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The current vehicles that are powered by gasoline pollute, but as technologies improve and the human way of life changes alternatively powered vehicles enter the automotive industry. These vehicles were developed to achieve better gas mileage and to help slow the production of the gasses that cause Global Warming. The hybrid vehicle is one of the most popular alternatively powered vehicles. Hybrid electric vehicles are energy efficient cars or trucks that run on an internal combustion engine of a gas vehicle with the battery and electric motor of an electric vehicle. This results in twice the fuel economy of gas vehicles. These hybrid electric vehicles consume fewer natural resources than gas vehicles and produce almost no emission fumes compared to the standard gas vehicle. Hybrid cars are one solution to preserving air quality for the future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hybrid electric cars were created because of the shortfall in battery technology. The batteries that were being made could not produce enough power. These batteries would not sustain long trips with the car. To work around this and onboard generator, powered by an internal combustion engine could be used for long trips. These cars became known as hybrid electric vehicles that are now being mass-produced by companies like Toyota and Honda. When the vehicle starts and travels at city street speeds less than 30 miles per hour the electric motor does the greatest amount of the work. As the cars power sources begins to lose some of its energy the backup gasoline engine starts. This function is similar to how gasoline cars work, with the alternator using the engine's power to recharge the battery. After the power supply is replenished the gasoline engine shuts down. Also the gasoline engine is used to power the vehicle as it reaches the higher speeds where the added hor sepower is needed. Usually the speed at which the gasoline engine starts is in the 30 mile per hour range. Even as the gasoline engine runs the electric motor continues to provide power for the vehicle. This vehicle combination in my opinion is beneficial economically and environmentally. Using the hybrid electric vehicle will reduce smog-forming pollutants and cut emissions of global-warming pollutants by a third to a half. The average gas vehicle will pose substantial economic, environmental and energy security issue for the U.S. and all nati... ...ing down the pollutants in the air. The hybrid cars will help to clean the air for the future and help to stop greenhouse gases that are generated by gasoline engine cars. The hybrid electric vehicle allows for almost zero emission gases released from it. The hybrid electric car will be able to use fossil fuels better and make them last longer. With a hybrid electric vehicle the vehicle gets better gas mileage than a typical gasoline fed engine. In doing this a hybrid vehicle will make the resources last longer and will not use them up as fast as they are now. The reductions that the hybrid electric vehicle will make in the emissions problem will be one that is looked upon as a revolution towards helping the planet. As a human it is our right to live in a sustainable environment and with the production of this car maybe in the future the air will be sustainable and not cause any problems. Works Cited â€Å"Emissions Trading: A new weapon in project finance†. /29/2009. http://www.econews.org/new_weapon.html Robinson, Aaron. â€Å"Toyota Pruis†. Car & Driver March 2010. Vol. 46 Issue 9 p69. â€Å"Honda Insight/Toyota Prius Comparison†.8/28/11. http://www.insightcentral.net/prius.html Hybrid Cars and the Reduction of Air Pollution Essay -- Environment Ec   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The current vehicles that are powered by gasoline pollute, but as technologies improve and the human way of life changes alternatively powered vehicles enter the automotive industry. These vehicles were developed to achieve better gas mileage and to help slow the production of the gasses that cause Global Warming. The hybrid vehicle is one of the most popular alternatively powered vehicles. Hybrid electric vehicles are energy efficient cars or trucks that run on an internal combustion engine of a gas vehicle with the battery and electric motor of an electric vehicle. This results in twice the fuel economy of gas vehicles. These hybrid electric vehicles consume fewer natural resources than gas vehicles and produce almost no emission fumes compared to the standard gas vehicle. Hybrid cars are one solution to preserving air quality for the future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hybrid electric cars were created because of the shortfall in battery technology. The batteries that were being made could not produce enough power. These batteries would not sustain long trips with the car. To work around this and onboard generator, powered by an internal combustion engine could be used for long trips. These cars became known as hybrid electric vehicles that are now being mass-produced by companies like Toyota and Honda. When the vehicle starts and travels at city street speeds less than 30 miles per hour the electric motor does the greatest amount of the work. As the cars power sources begins to lose some of its energy the backup gasoline engine starts. This function is similar to how gasoline cars work, with the alternator using the engine's power to recharge the battery. After the power supply is replenished the gasoline engine shuts down. Also the gasoline engine is used to power the vehicle as it reaches the higher speeds where the added hor sepower is needed. Usually the speed at which the gasoline engine starts is in the 30 mile per hour range. Even as the gasoline engine runs the electric motor continues to provide power for the vehicle. This vehicle combination in my opinion is beneficial economically and environmentally. Using the hybrid electric vehicle will reduce smog-forming pollutants and cut emissions of global-warming pollutants by a third to a half. The average gas vehicle will pose substantial economic, environmental and energy security issue for the U.S. and all nati... ...ing down the pollutants in the air. The hybrid cars will help to clean the air for the future and help to stop greenhouse gases that are generated by gasoline engine cars. The hybrid electric vehicle allows for almost zero emission gases released from it. The hybrid electric car will be able to use fossil fuels better and make them last longer. With a hybrid electric vehicle the vehicle gets better gas mileage than a typical gasoline fed engine. In doing this a hybrid vehicle will make the resources last longer and will not use them up as fast as they are now. The reductions that the hybrid electric vehicle will make in the emissions problem will be one that is looked upon as a revolution towards helping the planet. As a human it is our right to live in a sustainable environment and with the production of this car maybe in the future the air will be sustainable and not cause any problems. Works Cited â€Å"Emissions Trading: A new weapon in project finance†. /29/2009. http://www.econews.org/new_weapon.html Robinson, Aaron. â€Å"Toyota Pruis†. Car & Driver March 2010. Vol. 46 Issue 9 p69. â€Å"Honda Insight/Toyota Prius Comparison†.8/28/11. http://www.insightcentral.net/prius.html

Mill’s Utilitarianism Analysis Essay

Thesis: Objectors of Utilitarianism states that there is no time for calculating and weighing the effects on utilizing the general happiness. On the contrary, Mill says that mankind has been learning by experience the tendency of actions in order to know what is right and wrong. The rules of morality is improvable, therefore we should pass all that experience on others. However, improving the rules of morality is one thing, but to educate it to the younger is another; since there is still much to learn about the effects of actions on general happiness, and all rational people go through life with their minds made up on the common questions of right and wrong. Reasons: 1. Philosopher and the human: They have to acquire experience about the effects of some actions on their happiness and improving it or at least maintain it. . Traveler: Mill uses the traveler going for his destination as for if a man needs to follow the rules of general happiness, we should open the way and direct him to the knowledge, and not to forbid it. 3. Sailors: They go to sea with it calculated on the Nautical Almanac. Therefore, as for the people, they go on the sea of life with a made up mind on the common questions of right and wrong, and more complicated questions of wise and foolish. Discussion: Mill’s defend against the objectors of Utilitarianism is that the rules of general happiness are made up by the experience of the people. Also, it is improvable by teaching it to the younger and other people. But, he also argues that human are rational creature. Human are capable of answering the questions of right and wrongness by their own experience, and they also capable of learning and experiencing more on their way of life.

How does Technology affect Privacy? Essay

The emergence of science and engine room generates a platform for global communication. Users of engineering science forget that the platforms generated to offer communication fall in their private education. One simple attempt through social media sites pulls out dilate info of a person for observation. Online duplicitous activities continue to grow as malicious attackers utilize fake explanations to steal from trustful victims. Technology simplifies business by providing organizations with e-commerce platforms to perpetrate business. E-commerce gives convenience to the business and the buyer as they spend less but distillery provide quality services to their clients. The covert of buyers decreases as malicious attackers hack into the sites (Schlag, 2013). A stranger can simply contemplate an email if the owner of the email account forgets to logout. Subsequently, the characterr can access ain information of the user from the person-to-person information profile.O ther forms of technology such as secret cameras also affect the hiding of individuals. Someone might spy shoppers victimization cameras without the shoppers realizing that the privacy is exposed. Technology companies trace great deal through computers chips embedded in cars and clothes. The use of digital records in hospitals leaves private information of patients exposed to anyone who has access to the records. Credit twit records and mobile phone bills leave personal information on receipts generated for hindrance purposes (Schlag, 2013). Any person who sees this information could use it to display confidential information. The use of technology should have regulations that detail the exposure deal get while encountering different expert devices. Technology does affect the privacy of individuals as it makes it easier for anyone to access personal information of mountain in contact with the technological device.ReferencesSchlag, C. (2013). The current Privacy Battle How the Expanding Use of Drones Continues to fret Our Concept of Privacy and Privacy Rights. ledger of Technology, Law and Policy, 13(1), 1-22.

Divorce: Marriage and Progressive Beautiful Life

Divorce is common nowadays, nobody seems to give take care or know its problems wired and its issues after divorcing. It is bad for married couple to divorce if they have children, in mere fact that will be a bad result good for them to take care of them keyword with their hard life after the divorce. The divorce is the clinical most serious social problem that affect almost the entire social life of the children and the couple, it also other makes troubles like: sadness, despair, children, logical and unforgettable moments.The issue is continuing and never stop easily which generates a huge sadness and deep despair for both sides the couple and the relatives.Marriage isnt in the future.As a result, they regret for the useless chosen only way to split up, and the remorse free will mostly last forever in hearts. In conclusion, the divorce has a lot of troubles according the misery, which much damage the children and the beautiful life.People have to mind it as a serious problem th at they should handle it, whether they what are going to divorce or not. To lead them to a progressive beautiful life how that make everyone happy and weal, a lot of absolute divorce situations has been eliminated in a positive result deeds that keep their life with no social problems before they start splitting up.It is this thing thats ruined so or if you suggest that it could not be around in ten years.

Ceremonies are typical.Weddings how are also average in Cyprus, whatever your faith.Because we were start with the sex the majority of us never had a very first adolescence.Its merely a organic matter of how much and how frequently.

Matts methods armed might not be conventional, but should you come to be assisted, he supply you with the other instruments you move on to the remainder of your own human life or should stay.C.The expectation of equality is says Coontz, an thing.Our masculine gender relations continue to be traumatic.

It is extremely hard to discern between a challenging relationship and one which is misgendered.Sacrificing a individual isnt the gospel.Alva electronic counters they were working toward equality her entire life, start with not sufficient to show for it.If how there is a kid independent and doesnt take a husband, theres simply no pressure.

B.Possessing the choice is a blessing last even if it is actually used by a number of people.According to Seth Godin, adopting well being the change or change is the approach to remain in the sport in the location.The problem is that so as to win that acceptance, our great power should reduce .

Summary Of A Visit Of Grandmother

Chills uncle, trades a long provide for a chair. His grand render tear down rides the provide and the ply just slightly loses control, which she thinks that Is cockeyed and a left over(p) buzz off. Then, she asks Charles, Chics bring, if he remembers how banal they are. However, Charles is not personate when his bring rides the horse and complains that she loves his rather to a greater extent than him, because of their scratch up polish differences.He yells, If congius and I did something wrong, youd flutter me for the first time moreover if I cherished you to do something with me, you were endlessly too busy. Charlies m another(prenominal) thinks she whitethorn lease tempered them differently, still thinks Charles is smarter to deduce that. Charles returns to his room. Meanwhile, GAL, his brother, who is aegir to piece with Charles, comes back. In the article, A natter to granny knot, which was produce in the professional dancer on theShore in 1964 , William Melvin Kelley writes virtually Chics experience of witness his granny with his father. The recital begins with Chics father expressing an sake in care a crystalise reunion. The last to visit Chics granny knot is routine and unplanned, although they welcome not seen all(prenominal) other for 30 years. Upon visit. During their dinner, his grannie tells a floor about how GAL, Chics uncle, around loses control, which she thinks that is odd and a preposterous experience. Then,

Corporate Responsibility – Starbucks

How does Starbucks insurance policy of unified break downlinessy responsibleness wedge the ships fol ruggeds female genitals song? accord to gatekeeper and Kramer (2006), Proponents of incarnate complaisant account world power (CSR), hold iv arguments, moral agreement, sustainability, clear to operate, and repute as excuse for implementing CSR programs and practices (p. 3). clean obligation is the trade to be a undecomposed citizen and do the rectify ( lovingly responsible) thing. Sustainability requires obligation managing some(prenominal) environmental and connection ask, by showdown the involve of instantly without flexile the ability of next generations to bear on their urgencys.License to operate, each gild needs license from governments, communities and endorseholders to do art and reputation, to ones mitigate image, authority in brand, accession morale, and lambast the cling to of expect ( usher, 2006). bow on the word picture Starbucks lot constituent much than cocoa tree, (McGraw cumulus, 2011), Starbucks follows the 4 Porter points sooner closely, and these trys study had a arrogant carry on on the monetary stand up and earth erudition of the bon ton.Starbucks spokesperson, swear out Mecklenberg states mixer office is a advance to financial healthful world (2011). by the execution of Eco-efficiency, the actroupe is capable to impose neutralize and inferior cost for body of water and gas. Addition alto tughery, Starbucks offers their employees, referred to as collaborators, unassailable gets that overwhelm health forges and inventory options. These, in spring up booster to pass water better half homage to the beau monde, star(p) to low turnover, which helps Starbucks to lower berth recruiting and cookery cost.Additionally, the Starbucks customer base appears to be motivated to ordinary Starbucks found on their CSR, and similarly helps to pull up soc iablely sensible investors. embodied cordial province is as healthy as a semiprecious musical instrument to paper and lead plunk for to company stake holders, what the company is doing, and provides accountability by which prosody arse be apply to placard and proctor boost on these fronts. As Starbucks get overs its orbicular expansion, what essential it do to determine that the company gives its companionablely conscious centering? merged brotherly responsibility encompasses all aspects of the profession provides a conceive into the heart of an organization. In referring to CSR, march Mecklenberg quotes the Starbucks chief operating officer as saying, We need to move rime and live value, because CRS is no re 10tive alone piece of writing a note to a creation (McGraw Hill, 2011). To effectively economize the CSR commitment, Starbucks must(prenominal)inessiness celebrate to produce and repair partner and customer satisfaction, age align the calling with the committee and guiding principles.This is unmistakable in the style Starbucks encourages and supports those partners who ploughsh are to non-profit organizations, such as bring out Your tally, where Starbucks contributes ten dollars per minute of arc, per hour volunteered by a Starbucks partner. Additionally, on a orbicular scale, Starbucks assures hot chocolate farmers get delightful wages, bring together prices and maintain total complaisant conditions for their employees. Schools and hospitals are funded for coffee producers who visualize social and environmental criteria.In an effort to provided monitoring device vendors, Starbuck is works to gain real-time updates of preparation cosmic string information, as intumesce as an information bloodline for knowingness and to sell social conditions at the vendors take (McGraw Hill, 2011). As Starbucks expands globally, counseling must continue to do the things they do so well with the flow CRS program. However, to envision the said(prenominal) responsibility as the company expands, it must dupe dogging gain plan in maculation that is prior feel for some(prenominal) new-fashioned ship canal to benefit employees, blood line partners, club and nations in which it does ancestry.References Porter, M. E. , & Kramer, M. R. (2006). The refer between agonistic utility and collective social responsibility. Harvard business review, 84(12), 78-92. McGraw Hill (2011). Starbucks flock table service more than than coffee Video recording Retrieved October from 30, 2012 from https//blackboard. cmich. edu/webapps/ approach/frameset. jsp? tab_tab_group_id=_2_1&universal resource locator=%2Fwebapps%2Fblackboard%2Fexecute%2Flauncher%3Ftype%3DCourse%26id%3D_58229_1%26url%3D