How the Stock Market Crash of 1929 Affected the United States Essay

The year of 1929 is marked by the Stock Market Crash in which most consider to be the beginning of the Great Depression. This was not the sole cause of the Great Depression, though. The Stock Market Crash was caused by an economy that was not stable enough to handle the high stock prices. The Stock Market Crash helped bring on the Great Depression which forced the United States government to make changes in the regulation of stock exchanges, providing much greater protection for investors. The United States was a young nation and was not always as powerful as it is now or was in 1929. The United States was formed from European citizens who wanted to start their lives over. So the United States had relatively little money compared to the financial status of the rest of the world. London at the time was considered the center of finance. The United States borrowed money from England and other countries to spur its industry. By 1960 it seemed that the United States would inevitably be the world’s most important business and financial power. The Civil War provided a boost for industry, which jump-started the gradual shift of financial power from London to New York. The United States had a valuable asset in the form of land. â€Å"The United States was forced to develop itself before it could worry about competing with the world. Hence, the amount of capital was far greater once available to be spent outside the United States. The year of 1914 can be considered the point at which the United States would never be second in the world again.† (Axon, 32) Europe was stricken with war and the United States was turned to for supplies. The â€Å"wealthy European countries were ravaged by war because of casualties, economic losses, and expensed of war over four years.† (Axon, 33) The United States only was in the war for a year and did not have its country damaged by the war. The United States emerged from World War I being owed billions of dollars for having financed most of the war and was acknowledged to be the leader of the Western world. The early 1920s were a time of booming industry, of soaring hope and confidence. The ups and downs of the stock market were hardly noticed by the average American. The average American was more concerned with their daily life than the state of the stock market. The economy was such that many new products and services were available to almost everyone, including the automobile, radios, and other products for the home. The stock market was controlled by professionals that worked for large firms who had good financial backing which made it easier to use the market advantageously. Small investors were never shut out of Wall Street but the professionals paid for stock tips and also rigged the market so that certain stocks would rise and fall. This gave small investors a much harder time in making money through the stock market. As the market began to grow more small investors entered the game and were really just gambling their money. Most were not successful but some got lucky or got a good stock tip and rode the rising market until they lost their money too with the Stock Market Crash. At this time nobody had any reason to believe that the stock market would not keep rising. â€Å"Throughout the 1920s a long boom took stock prices to peaks never before seen. From 1920 to 1929 stocks more than quadrupled in value. Many investors became convinced that stocks were a sure thing and borrowed heavily to invest more money in the market.† (PBS) As the market grew, the stock market became a way of life and was a highly discussed topic among common Americans who were eager to get a piece of the pie. Americans no longer were connected by the common bond of making a life for themselves like at the birth of the nation. The 1920s were an era of revolution in ideas, beliefs, inventions, and ways of living. â€Å"The nation was totally different after World War I than before. The United States experimented with Prohibition. The Jazz age rose from the streets of Harlem, NY. Women got the right to vote. The whole of society was convinced that anything was possible, not only in the stock market and finances, but also in every facet of life.† (Sherrow, 12) Most of this is taken for granted now because what was considered a new idea seems commonplace and because the Stock Market Crash of 1929 overshadowed the great improvements in society. Society’s attitude affected Wall Street, though. The large investing firms thought that the government should not be allowed to interfere with the speculation of finances. This is a common feeling when the economy is booming, that the government is always trying to oppress. The exact opposite is seen when the economy is in a depression and everyone turns to the government for help. The federal government was very limited in its control of the market and could not impose new control efforts at the time because the nation would not agree. As we know now, the stock market would have been better off if the government would have stepped in when the stock market became dangerously high. One of the main causes for the stock market to become dangerous was because large firms or groups of individuals practiced unfair techniques when buying and selling stocks. This was known as â€Å"rigging† the market. The stock market flows more smoothly through normal buying and selling activity but when certain groups tried to make money in an unfair way they hurt others in the process which concentrated capital. Large pools could control prices more than was healthy for the stock market. Some made fortunes others lost everything. An example was â€Å"a cigar stock at the time was selling for $115 a share. The market collapsed. I got a call from the company president. Could I loan him $200 million?† (Blaszczyk and Scranton, 337) To the public, the stock market seemed as though it would surely make them money, and were buying. The craze was a â€Å"frenzied finance that made Ponzi look like an amateur. (Blaszczyk and Scranton, 337) The insiders were controlling the market though, setting the stage for the greatest crash of all time. The booming economy in the United States was not typical of the whole world. England had its share of problems concerning currency. The people wanted gold to again be used as it was before the war. They felt that it was a valuable metal and provided a solid backing for currency. The British government finally agreed, after a lot of pressure, to re-instate the gold standard but it was a new version where gold would be used to back up paper money and gold would be used to handle international debts. The pound was put into use, which created a problem. The pound was overvalued in terms of other currencies meaning that people had to pay more to by British goods. Naturally, people bought goods elsewhere to avoid the currency exchange rate of the pound. Instead of realizing what was happening, the British tried to lower the price, which in turn lowered wages and caused strikes to break out in England around 1926. German’s were not better off. Of course their country was destroyed physically by war, but the financial system was very poor at this time in Germany. Germany was forced to pay reparations according to the Treaty of Versailles plus the inflation was so bad that German currency was absolutely worthless. The German public was enraged about this and the fact that they lost a lot of what they considered their land because of the war. The new government installed in Germany after the war called the Weimar republic was a democracy. The German public could not adjust to this making governmental intervention a difficult task. France and the rest of Europe faced the same effects. Inflation was uncontrolled and the political systems were thrown into upheaval. Since the United States was so financially secure at this time, countries like Britain and France naturally asked for assistance. They appealed to the Federal Reserve Board to make cuts in interest rates in the United States. This would make the United States less attractive to investors and would maybe cause investment in Europe instead. By increasing the money supply in the United States, the dollar would be worth less and make American goods more expensive while lowering the price of foreign goods. At this time the United States thought that this would not benefit it at this time. After all, the economy was booming, nearly everyone was working, people were making money from the stock market, and life was generally pleasant. Taking actions that would have hurt the United States would not have been appreciated by businessmen and normal citizens as well. The United States paid little attention to these pleas. There has always been talk that if the Federal Reserve Board would have stepped in that there would have been no boom in speculation, greatly reducing the risk of a crash. The argument against this is the fact that the Federal Reserve Banking system has little control of the economy, but can only make changes spurring growth or decline. Other theories put the blame on foreign countries too. One allegation states that stock speculation and â€Å"gambling† the market was a trait the United States adopted from Europe. However, the get rich quick attitude of Americans is just as great as the Europeans. The California Gold Rush and the Florida Real Estate Boom prove this. The United States Government can still consume most of the blame. At that day and age, it was hard to expect economists to predict exactly what would happen with the stock market rising so rapidly. They could have realized that it was a dangerous situation. The government felt too threatened by  business. When the government stepped in businessmen, bankers, and society in general criticized them for trying to take action when none was deemed necessary. By 1928 the stock market had reached the point of no return. The stock market fluctuated greatly and the risk of the stock market became greater. The rigging of stocks became so common that people of great esteem thought nothing wrong of manipulating stocks in way that actually defrauded the public. By† the inevitability of a market collapse was upon the United States but nobody expected that a full-fledged business depression was to come about because of it.† (Axon, 47) At this time three million shares were traded each day. Slowly it rose to four and five million shares per day. By November 1928 a daily volume of six million shares was reached. It must be realized that industrial stocks rose at a normal rate at this time, approximately growing by a third. The individual stocks are what marked disaster. For example, the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) grew an unheard of 400 percent in 1928. In 1929 the stock market continued to grow at a dangerous pace. People borrowed money at high interest rates figuring to make enough in the stock market to cover the interest and still profit greatly. With people concentrating so much energy in the stock market, few realized that production could not keep up with the stock market. The automobile and construction industries had a small decline but people disregarded it as normal. Few Americans decided to sell-out for a profit. Most refused to believe the boom was coming to a halt. Stock market prices were now driven up by the sheer power of speculative demand. In other words, there was nothing concrete to back up the stock prices. By mid-October, the stock market was in a bad state. No major boom could revive the quality stocks that took a sharp dive. Fear began to take the place of greed in Wall Street. The word â€Å"sell† was now heard more than the word â€Å"buy†. Brokers asked for more margins or more cash from the customer to be paid into their accounts. The customers, of course, could not afford it and the brokers sold the stock. This pushed stock prices even lower. Everyone began banking the large operators on Wall Street would step in because they had much more to lose than the small investor. The problem was that they could not afford to because they were already in trouble because of the sharp decline in their stocks. October 24, 1929 was called Black Thursday because this hope was squashed and stock prices plummeted. Even after this there was still some hope. That same day, bankers moved in trying to restore some of the mess. They were trying to restore some of the optimism in the market. This was not the case as the following Monday, October 28, 1929, the market was flooded with selling orders. The big bankers were no longer there because they were in their own trouble. The people that were hurt the most are those that put their whole lives into the stock market and now walked the streets, stunned about their losses. â€Å"Some of the more badly declining stocks from 1929 to 1933 are as follows: Consolidated Cigar common stock fell from $115 to $3. General Foods dropped from $82 to less than $20. General Motors fell from $91 to less than $8. US Steel dropped drastically from $261 to just over $21. The railroad stocks were hit the hardest. The New York Central Railroad alone fell to $9 from $256.† (Klingaman, 111) The Stock Market Crash of 1929 marked a new era that was not immediately realized. Just as the rising stock market had provided industry with the capital to expand, the falling market caused industry to move into recession.

Improving Student Outcomes And Provide Education Across Malaysia Education Essay

The end of the Education National Key Results Area ( NKRA ) is to better pupil results and provide quality instruction for all pupils across Malaysia. By looking globally at the best acting schools, four indispensable countries have been identified. They are: the demand to guarantee every kid succeeds ; the demand to keep schools accountable for alterations in pupil results ; the demand to put in great leaders for every school ; and the demand to pull and develop top instructors. Research confirms that a assortment of inducements for the assorted phases of instructors ‘ callings should be in topographic point. A World Bank rating corroborates the value of inducements towards bettering instructor quality ( Vegas & A ; Umansky 2005 ) . There are assorted types of instructor inducements including fiscal, working conditions and instructional support ( Kemmerer, 2007 ) . Fiscal inducements include pecuniary, in-kind support, benefits and fillips. Instructional Support, on the other manus, includes points such as proviso of back uping stuffs, ongoing professional development and calling chances. Finally, inducements related to working conditions consist of things such as category wellness and safety conditions and proviso of equal interruptions. Teachers by and large do non come in the profession for fiscal benefits so inducements must non merely expression at fiscal compensation but other countries that motivate and inspire good pattern. These wagess can include satisfaction from high pupil accomplishment, acknowledgment, influence, larning new accomplishments, and personal growing ( Tomlinson, 2000 ; Odden 2000b ) . School staff should hold the chance for a calling way where excellence is rewarded with a assortment of inducements that tap into both their intrinsic and extrinsic motive. Merely a few states have formalized a robust systems of performance-related wage in any sector ( Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2006 ) and even fewer in the instruction sector. Tucker and Sclaifani ( 2006 ) indicate that in order for public presentation related wage to be effectual three thoughts must come into drama. First, we must be able to mensurate the end product linked to the public presentation whether at the person or squad degree. Second, the end products from persons or squads must better the overall organizational end products. Last, that the wages can be delivered in a mode that takes advantage of its likely incentive value for prospective receivers. Many inquiry if it is possible, in administrations such as schools, which are extremely complex to develop just rating systems linked to public presentation wage. Other concerns are that coaction among instructors will endure and that incentives linked to capable countries or exam consequences will contract the course of study ( Tucker and Sclaifani, 2006 ) . There are a assortment of different public presentation theoretical accounts. Fiscal wagess given based on pupil public presentation and lesson observations is called merit-pay ( McCollum, 2001 ) . Odden ( 2000 ) describes cognition and skill-based compensation as increased wage given to those who receive extra makings which is assumed to better instructors ‘ abilities. School-based compensation, involves group-based fiscal wagess normally based on pupil public presentation ( Odden and Kelley, 2002 ) . A set of criterions for teacher public presentation and measuring tools is cardinal to being able to reasonably reward staff for their public presentation. Merit wage given to instructors separately has proved to be unpopular in schools making competition and extinguishing the indispensable squad work and coaction needed to construct excellence in school ( Odden, 2000 ) . Incentive payments to full staff in schools have many times produced improved pupil accomplishment. This is most likely because of the demand to work together, back up new or weaker instructors and to promote instructors who do non better to travel to a different profession. Odden ( 2000 ) besides believes the sum of the fillip is of import and recommends 5-8 % of one-year wage as a wages for making marks. Figure 1 from Woessman ( 2010 ) below shows the consequences of a survey of assorted states demoing in general where wage for public presentation has been implemented reading, authorship, and math tonss have by an d large been higher. Merit-pay theoretical accounts were criticised for unfavorably altering coaction between instructors. Performance-based wages systems, research now argues, can increase collegiality by honoring co- operation between instructors ( Solomon and Podgursky, 2001 ; Cohn, 1996 ) , through group-based wage wagess ( Mohrman, Mohrman, and Odden, 1996 ; McCollum, 2001 ) . Several oppositions of performance-based wagess postulate there is grounds of better/more collegiality when group public presentation wagess are used ( See, for illustration, Firestone and Pennell, 1993 ) . Many studies conclude that intrinsic wagess are really of import to instructors ( Firestone and Pennell, 1993 ) . Firestone and Pennell ( 1993 ) argue that rating can sabotage the intrinsic wagess for instructors, as the â€Å" feedback in the signifier of public presentation rating undermines intrinsic motive, even when the rating is positive † ( accent in original ) nevertheless a significant organic structure of literature argues performance-based wages systems are an betterment on the efficiency of salary graduated tables Odden and Kelly ‘s research confirms that wage for public presentation strategies and other inducements for instructors and principals can hold positive effects on pupil accomplishment. These methods are most effectual when they are accompanied by professional development plans, the support of school leading, accurate and dependable coverage of pupil accomplishment, and strong feedback mechanisms.5 Odden and many others argue that the single-salary agenda can non take instruction to the degrees of productiveness presently needed. Lazear ‘s analysis of the effectivity of output-based wage suggests that performance-based mechanisms can be effectual if they are carefully designed and tied to allow metrics.40 Many of the earlier programmes tended to concentrate on single public presentation, in peculiar virtue wage ( Richardson, 1999 ) , with recent arguments more likely to see group-based wages programmes, or cognition and accomplishment based wagess ( Odden, 2000a ; Odden and Kelley, 2002 ) . A 2004 OECD study on teacher quality found that the job of instructor deficits is permeant throughout OECD states and that the deficiency of quality instructors is holding a negative impact on pupil larning. Across-the-board salary accommodations, targeted inducements and alternate employment steps are typical attacks that most states adopt to relieve instructor deficits, but that policies must turn to other critical facets such as â€Å" working conditions, professionalism, flexibleness, occupation security, instruction demands and occupation satisfaction from working with pupils. Must be replaced with a system that connects parts to compensation in meaningful ways and that could be embraced by employers and instructors likewise Two-thirdss of OECD states have implemented performance-related salary systems in their public sectors, but few have used them in instruction. It is still true that few states have formalized a robust system of performance-related wage in any sector. When be aftering for an inducement plan the undermentioned chart is helpful to see effects both desirable and unwanted.IncentivesIntentional or Unintentional designDesired ImpactUndesired impactFor illustration:IncentivesIntentional designJob security linked to prove tonssDesired ImpactImproved instruction and better acquisitionUndesired impactTeaching to the trial ; dropping of low acting pupilsIncentivesUnintentional designStrong brotherhoods make it hard to fire instructorsDesired ImpactGood instructors feel more confident and secure in their occupations and hence Teach wellUndesired impactBad instructors can remain indefinitelyMost of the inducements researched have been negotiated and employed without programs for strict rating. The bulk of articles cited in international documents are studies instead than ratings that attempt to link results to the performance-related system in topographic point.Current Incentives in the Malayan Education SystemAction Research Projects: some en terprises have been conducted in this country throughout the state, but the enterprises are non monitored consistently, so findings are non reported efficiently.A Advanced surveies: There are three manners for instructors and principals to prosecute in advanced surveies: 1 ) A they receive full wage, with no scholarships ( to cover tuition etc, they will hold to pay on their ain ) 2 ) A they receive half wage, with scholarship given to cover tuition etc 3 ) A if they receive direct scholarship offers from any organisation/institution, they will hold to inquire permission from the relevant Ministry of Education section for blessing. These are decided on a individual footing Scholarships are merely for public universities in Malaya Ministry of Education has a distant acquisition degree plan from the local universities for the instructors and Head Teachers of the rural primary schools. Three organic structures sponsor these ; the public service section, the instructor instruction division and sometimes-individual MOE establishments like the School Leadership Institute Teachers in rural or interior schools receive a pecuniary inducement runing from RM700-RM1500 on top of their wage and life or lodging allowances. Resettlement allowances: Teachers receive an allowance when they receive a transportation from one school to another, from one to town to another or from one province to another province. Travel agreements are besides provided to the instructors and their households to travel to their new topographic point of work. An agent appointed by the MOE to direct them over to their new topographic point of work will manage their properties. All civil retainers besides enjoy free medical intervention from the govt. infirmaries they besides can use for loans to purchase a computing machine, a auto and even a house. The Government Transformation Programme ( GTP ) Roadmap states that HPS will have inducements, which include an one-year allotment of RM700, 000 per school, every bit good as RM1, 000 and RM700 for school caputs, instructors and non-academic staff in secondary and primary schools, severally. The schools besides enjoy greater liberty in decision-making and let high-achieving pupils to progress faster through the system. National, State and District Awards Many awards are available for instructorKhazanah Incentives for School StaffIncentiveResearch SummaryDesired/UndesiredRating for Trust School InitiativeFinancial ( comprises of Monetary, In sort, Benefits and Bonuses ) MonetaryNew instructor get downing fillipName: Secondary Deficit Capable Scheme Description: Up to ?5000 paid to persons in last twelvemonth of survey to fall in the instruction force after graduation Dates:1985 to show. State: UK, Wales Effective at pulling but non retaining new instructors Name: Golden Hello Description: ?2500-5000 for come ining and successfully finishing the initiation stage in secondary topics Dates: 2002 to show State: United kingdom Evaluation: Effective at pulling but non retaining new instructors Desired: Qualified campaigners are available to learn in schools Undesired: Peoples are attracted merely for fiscal intents but so go forth the calling one time other higher paid options are availableSalary graduated tablesDescription: Higher compensation in the early old ages in order to promote instructors to come in the field Dates: varies States: Australia, Denmark, England, Finland, Description: Higher salary additions mid-career instructors to retain them Dates: varies States ; Austria, Japan, and Portugal Description: Wagess experienced instructors with largest additions Dates: variesStates: Greece, Hungary, and New ZealandName: n/aDescription: Across the board wage rises promote the best people to remain Dates: 1990 State: Chile Evaluation: a World Bank study notes that instructors ‘ experience has non been found to be an of import forecaster of pupil accomplishment in the major empirical surveies ( World Bank 1997, 97 ) Desired: Teachers feel valued and execute good Undesired: Good instructors leave the profession due to fiscal groundsProject engagement wageName: Accelerated Teaching Program ( Unicef ) Description-all instructor receive fillip inducement each three months Dates: 1998-2007 State: Liberia Evaluation: This plan has issues with payments to instructors but otherwise was judged to better buy-in and results for pupils Desired: Teachers feel valued and ‘buy in ‘ to new enterprises Undesired: Teachers feel overwhelmed with the alteration procedure and leave stationsExtra allowance for distant locations/low acting schools ( hardship allowance )Description: Teachers receive salary addendums to learn in deficit or rural countries Purpose: Ensure instructors are available for all kids State: Canada/Chile/Ireland/Australia/Malaysia Desired: Qualified campaigners are willing to learn in hard areas/circumstancesUndesired:Materials AllowanceDescription: Materials allowances given to all schools at start of reform undertaking to purchase resources that enhance the acquisition environment Purpose: To advance bargain in to project and heighten instruction and acquisition environment Dates:2006-present State: UAE Evaluation: Effective in making a learning civilization Desired: Schools feel empowered and have the tools they need to better their schools Undesired: Schools spend money on resources that do non better pupil outcomes e.g. ornamentsTravel AllowanceDescription: Teachers given train base on ballss to acquire to workPurpose: Part of the benefitsDates: ongoingState: Japan Canada, Australia, Europe- Moving costs to initial occupation arrangement for most arrangements in rural countries or challenging schools Desired: Teachers are more willing to work in locations farther from place base ensuing in a supply of instructors available Undesired: Teachers take allowance but have high degrees of absence In Kind SupportAwardsName: NationalTeachingExcellenceAward Descriptionprovidesawardsfor50teachersthatwerenominatedattheschoollevelandmadeitthroughthenationalqualificationstothe rewardlevel Name: School based Award Description: Awards at the school degree with discretional financess made available by the authorities Purpose: To honor first-class instructorsDates:State: Denmark, Netherlands Desired: Recognition of Good work leads to more good work and sharing of good pattern Undesired: Some co-workers feel covetous or angry and do lessFree or subsidised lodgingDescription: free adjustments in its distant countries Purpose: To promote staff to populate in distant countriesDates:State: Danmark Desired: Qualified campaigners are willing to learn in distant countries Undesired: Poor quality instructors are attracted to schools that need the most supportFree or subsidized nutrientDescription: Free or subsidized nutrient to staff State: European states Desired: Qualified campaigners are willing to learn in distant countries Undesired: Poor quality instructors are attracted to schools that need the most supportPlots of landDescription: Plots of land given to staff Purpose: Encouragement to make a place base in rural countriesDates:State: Africa Desired: Qualified campaigners are willing to learn in distant countries Undesired: Poor quality instructors are attracted to schools that need the most supportLow involvement loansDescription:Purpose:Dates:State: Demark, Greece-Preferential rates for mortgages at the discretion of the local school governments Desired: Teachers feel more financially unafraid and there are more able to concentrate on be aftering first-class lessons Undesired: Teachers take loans but there is no betterment in learningScholarships for ain kidsDescription:Purpose:Dates:State: Worldwide: Most international schools provide free topographic points for staff kids Desired: Teachers who bring their ain kids to a school want the best for their kid and work harder Undesired: Teachers kids get particular interventionFree points: e.g. books, laptops etcDescription:Purpose:Dates:State: Denmark-teachers who agree to learn in distant countries are eligible a place personal computing machine, and entree to wholesale shoppingDesired:Undesired:Benefits PaidDescription:Purpose:Dates:State: Australia- to remain in distant countries, excess one-year leave of 5-8 yearssDesired:Undesired:Unpaid leaveDescription:Purpose:Dates:State: Canada-allows instructors to take unpaid leave for household events, holidaies etcDesired:Undesired:SabbaticalDescription:Purpose:Dates:State: Australia-all caputs eligible for sabbatical every 5 old ages. Paid at 80 % for 4 old ages to enable this at no costDesired:Undesired:Recognition towards a publicity Description: Recognition towards a hereafter publicity for learning in disputing or distant countriesPurpose:Dates:State: Korea, ChinaDesired:UndesiredSick leaveDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Desired:Undesired:Pregnancy LeaveDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Desired:Undesired:Health insuranceDescription:Purpose:Dates:State: Europe-countries include wellness benefits over and above the usual societal services accorded to all citizensDesired:Undesired:PensionDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Desired:Undesired:Additional Paid Work Description: teachersarepaid $ 20.00perdayforeach studentteacherundertheirdirectionbi-weekly.Dates:State: Nanavut CanadaDesired:Undesired:Life insuranceDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Desired:Undesired:CrecheDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Desired:Undesired:BonussWhole school public presentation based wage linked to exam consequences or KPI marksName: NationalPerformanceEvaluationSystem Description: Schools are grouped by social-economic conditions, and so the top 25 per centum within each group are rewarded for their public presentationPurpose:Dates:State: Chile Evaluation: Increased the tonss in the province test by between four and 18 points ; effects were greater among those schools with more favorable external conditions. Date: c2004 State: Israel Evaluation: ledtoimprovedteachingmethods, increasedafter-schooltutoring, andbetterresponsivenesstostudents'needsonthepartofteachers ProfessionalCompensationSystemforTeachers 1999-2003 Denver, USA Evaluation: Evidencefromthepilotprogramstronglysuggestedthatthepayforperformanceprogramwas a † catalystforchangethatbenefitsallstudentsandteachers. † 34 Studenttestscores weresignificantlyhigherforelementaryandmiddleschoolstudentsinclassroomswithteachers whohadbeeninthepilotfortwoormoreyears Desired: Schools pull together as a whole squad to better pupil results Desired: Student Accomplishment additions Undesired: Teachers teach to the trial, ignore low executing pupils or darnel to demo advancement Undesired: Freerider'problem ; someteacherswhoarenotcontributingtotheoutcomesofstudentsarerewardedbecauseof others'action Undesired: Could honor â€Å" wealth † instead than public presentation, disproportionately honoring instructors at high-performing schools chiefly for the natural stuffs they are handed – i.e. , better pupils. Undesired: Teachers focus on certain topics to the disregard of other topics.Individual public presentation based wageName: Teacher Excellence Incentive Description: $ 200 million fund, for one-year fillips of up to $ 2,500 to honor â€Å" effectual † schoolroom instructors employed by territories that agreed to fit the province moneyPurpose:Dates:State: Texas, USA Description: Pay based on run intoing instructor criterions Dates: 2003-present State: Suomi Name ; Description: Excess wage for instructors who increased GSCE consequences Dates: State: United kingdom Evaluation: foundthatthestudentsscoredonaveragehalfaGCSEpointmorethanequivalentpupilstaught Bythesameteachersbeforethesystemwasputinplace.Description:Purpose:Dates:State: Colorado, USA Evidence strongly suggests that the wage for public presentation plan was a â€Å" accelerator for alteration that benefits all pupils and instructors.Description:Purpose:Dates:State: Israel-study found that wage for public presentation enterprises had a positive impact on pupil accomplishment -led to improved instruction methods, increased after-school tutoring, and better reactivity to pupils ‘ demands. Desired: persons who are making outstanding work are recognised Undesired: Promotes competition non coaction among instructorsBonus wage for excess activitiesDescription:Purpose:Dates:State: USA- extra wage stipends for duty for an activity after school, such as yearbook or athleticss but the supervising of pupils between categoriesDesired:Undesired:No absence BonusDescription:Purpose:Dates:State: India-ThePublicReport onBasicEducation ( PROBE ) convincinglyshowedthatone-thirdofthehead teacherswereabsent in India on a given twenty-four hoursAfrica-Desired:Undesired:Physical EnvironmentDescription: Improvement inthe physical installationsPurpose:Dates:State: India-was a factor that influenced motivationlevels. Cleanliness, conveyance, furniture, imbibing H2O and lavatories ( for adult females instructors ) – the list was reasonably longDesired:Undesired:Grants for schoolroom or school undertakingDescription:Purpose:Dates:State: UK-ASTA can use for a grant to better a specific facet of a schoolDesired:Undesired:Bonus for rural schoolsDescrip tion:Purpose:Dates:State: Australia-Desired:Undesired:Instructional Support Ongoing Professional DevelopmentPayment towards a QualificationName: ProComp Description: Evaluates and compensate instructors based on a figure of factors, including grades and professional development units obtainedPurpose:Dates:State: :Denver, USA Evaluation: At least 100 surveies in the past decennary have documented that extremely skilled, extremely effectual instructors help pupils larn moreDesired:Undesired:In service Training CoursesName: Teacher Empowerment -a plan sponsored by the United Nations Children s Fund ( UNICEF ) . Description: better the school environment by tapping into school-level resources, administrative support and to hike instructors ‘ morale, self-esteem that, in bend, boosts pupil registration and attending.Purpose:Dates:State: IndiaName: Joyful Learning Description: involves child-centred activities and promotes active acquisition patterns by actuating kids and instructors to wish acquisition, and instructors to follow active acquisition activities in the schoolroom.Desired:Undesired:Accredited CPDDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Desired:Undesired:Time off for University classsDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Desired:Undesired:Coaching and Mentoring supportDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Desired:Undesired:Book ClubsDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Desired:Undesired:Career DevelopmentPromotionDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Desired:Undesired:Excellent teachers/Lead instructorsName: Advanced Skills Teacher/SpecialistClassroomTeacherfor SecondarySchools Description: Promotion without go forthing the school for an disposal station. Teachers spend 20 % of clip assisting instructors in other schools /NZ $ 6,500supplement Purpose: To maintain first-class instructors in schools ; portion good patternDates: / 2006 pilotState: UK/New ZealandName: Pedagogical Excellence Award Description: Award granted after requires base on balls in a written appraisal of pedagogical and content cognition and entry a portfolio. Purpose: To honor first-class instructorsDates: 2002 to showState: ChileDesired:Undesired:MaterialsGuide books for instructional intentsDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Desired:Undesired:Textbooks and other stuffsDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Desired:Undesired:ResourcesDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Desired:Undesired:Working ConditionssClass SizeDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Planing TimeDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Health and safetyDescription:Purpose: high absenteeism is traced to hapless motive and working conditions )Dates:State:ComfortDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Praise/RecognitionDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Teaching aides/assistantsDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Adequate interruptionsDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Administration SupportDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Khazanah Incentives for School Staff: A Proposal of Bespoke OptionsThe plan provides increases in compensation based on increased cognition and accomplishments, professional rating, willingness to ma ke full hard-to-staff places or learn in hard-to-serve schools, and making specified pupil growing aims, including public presentation on the province tests, and other inducements related to school- broad distinguished public presentation. Tiing additions in teacher compensation to student achievement appears to supply inducements To instructors to look actively for ways to better their public presentation that might hold been available before the inducements were offered, and that their involvement in actively taking advantage of such op- chances increases. Evaluation These methods are most effectual when they are accompanied by professional development plans, the support of school leading, accurate and dependable coverage of pupil accomplishment, and strong feedback mechanisms.3 A list of proposals suited for Trust schools can be found below. There is a assortment of options included with each so that costs can be reduced or increased as needed by Khazanah to guarantee maximal impact. Incentives should be discussed in focal point groups with selected school staff in both rural and non-rural schools to guarantee school staff voice has been heard with relation to inducements. Start up- research shows change direction requires motive Whole School Based-research shows whole school based inducements create coaction and concerted acquisition Lateral Awards-evidence show competition between schools is healthy Individual Rewards-each individual is motivated otherwise. Some people who have gone beyond the call of responsibility deserve to be recognised and rewarded. Equally long as competition is non within a school, there should be no negative impact Abstraction: Teachers at the start of the undertaking need motivation and incentive to ‘buy-in ‘ to a new manner of working which necessarily will be harder and take more clip and attempt but should ensue in greater occupation satisfaction and better consequences for kids in the long tally. In order to get down to inquire instructors to prosecute the followers options are suggested: Phase: Undertaking Start-up Name: Khazanah School Tool Kit Targeted at: Whole school staff Consequences in: occupation satisfaction ; pride ; buy-in Detailss: A branded ‘tool box ‘ given to each new Trust school staff member complied with basic equipment ( stage or occupation specific ) and personalised to the school/subject demands For illustration, art stuffs, pens, whiteboard markers, spines, documents†¦ could include laptops and other points to better engineering Forms to bespeak for immediate support from a Khazanah Emergency Fund for little points with set bounds per point and per school ( e.g. up to 100 ringgit per point and up to 1000 ringgit per term ) that will impact instantly Khazanah Teacher Portfolio-a branded portfolio designed for instructors and caput instructors to maintain their grounds base in an orderly manner in order to consequence some of the alterations to learning and larning that are required Materials: Welcome missive, Khazanah branded items- e.g. chapeau, notepad, write ( All staff ) Principals above plus laptop ; Teachers besides kit for the category with markers, pens, spines, art stuffs ; ( to document grounds ) Schools-digital camera to document grounds x 3 ; Approximate cost: Laptops x 10 ; Cameras x30 ;Evaluation:Phase: Start -up Name: Khazanah School Environment Grant Targeted at: Whole schoolConsequences in: better larning environments ;Detailss:Materials: Cash ; Guidance brochureApproximate cost:Evaluation:Abstraction: Teachers in trust schools will be encouraged to work at a degree above the current Ministry criterions. In order to actuate instructors to travel frontward and to give acknowledgment an Award will be bestowed on those teachers/head instructors who meet the Trust school criterions. All teachers/head instructors should take for this award about all instructors should have this award in due class Phase: Ongoing Name: Khazanah Teacher, Master Teacher Awards ; Principal/Master Principal Awards Targeted at: All learning staff Consequences in: Recognition, pride, a valuable making, Detailss: Extra elements added to Performance Standards to draw a bead on towards being a Khazanah teacher/master teacher/Principal or Maestro Principal Document brochure will be provided with full inside informations of application procedure with signifiers and illustration Annual Regional Khazanah Award ceremonial where awards are bestowed Each teacher/principal who meets the criterions receives a certification and pin to be worn at school A pick of wages includes: For Teachers: Two-day external Professional Development class Write up in the Khazanah Trust newssheet A transcript of a book on Best Practices in learning Cash wages For Master instructors: Laptop Payment towards a Masters Unit Attendance at a Regional conference Speaker at Khazanah Leadership conference For Principal: Laptop Malaysia Study visit to Best Practice schools in state ( one hebdomad ) Payment towards Masters Unit Attendance at a Regional conference For Master Principals Option of paid sabbatical after 7 old ages International Study visit ( one hebdomad ) Payment towards two units of a Masters/PhD Speaker at Khazanah Principal ‘s conference Materials: Detailed manual including application signifiers ; pins, CPDApproximate cost:Evaluation:Phase:Name: Khazanah Excellent Practice Research ScholarshipsTargeted atConsequences in: Local cognition, acknowledgment, new accomplishments Detailss: Teacher links with a local university -contacts would necessitate to be negotiated with Khazanah /Nord Anglia University provides basic information on research in this country Cover may be needed for instructors categories Teacher implements or observes a alteration in schoolroom with support from university Forms, preparation and processs will be created to back up this procedure Research to be published on Khazanah Trust schools Portal or newssheets Small grants possibly available up to 1000 ringgit for instructors research demands The Research Office reviews all proposals for eligibility. Those petitions that qualify are given to the Research Council for competitory reappraisal and rating. The Research Council will supply a prioritized list of recommendations for support to the Vice President for Research, based on the quality of the proposals as reflected in the reappraisal standard. The Vice President for Research will do award determinations based on recommendations and available financess. The Research Office reviews all proposals for eligibility. Those petitions that qualify are given to the Research Council for competitory reappraisal and rating. The Research Council will supply a prioritized list of recommendations for support to the Vice President for Research, based on the quality of the proposals as reflected in the reappraisal standard. The Vice President for Research will do award determinations based on recommendations and available financess. Fundss from the General Research Fund ( GRF ) are awarded to faculty for research that is non otherwise supported by organized or directed plans. The purpose of the GRF is to enable module to transport out scholarly, originative work that should take to the chase of other support beginnings, or advance the development of scholarly activities. Undertakings funded through the GRF could include: pilot research, exigency support, emerging research chances, new research field or new research field for research worker, developing research research labs, or centrally-shared research resources. Materials: Support for university grants ; hard currency Approximate cost: 20,000 $ USEvaluation:Abstraction: Cover is an issue uncovered during the baselining procedure. In other states, we have found similar issues. Making a system that rewards instructors for screen could incentivise instructors to take categories.Phase:Name: Khazanah Cover Teacher Points SystemTargeted atConsequences in: safe and unafraid environment for pupilsDetailss: A screen timetable is produced for each school Teacher receive points for each screen lesson done Documents and processs will be provided for this procedure At terminal of month or terminal of term instructors choose from the list below based on points Ten cover lessons: Flash thrust and educational book 20 cover lessons: Voucher to purchase supplies 30 cover lessons: Sponsorship to travel to a Conference Materials: flash thrusts ; books ; verifiers ; conference feesApproximate cost:Evaluation:Khazanah Academic Targets AwardCreates: whole school buy-in, teamwork, improved consequencesEach school receives specific annually marks based on informations from baselining visits Schools have progress meetings with Cluster Managers each one-fourth to discourse betterments towards marks Schools that meet marks receive: Schools that meet over 60 % of marks: Grant for 5000 ringgit towards one of the undermentioned enterprises: school library, ICT integrating, betterment of school environment or another justifiable enterprise in the school Schools that meet over 80 % of marks: Grant for 10000 ringgit towards one of the undermentioned enterprises: school library, ICT integrating, betterment of school environment or another justifiable enterprise in the school Schools that meet all marks: Grant for 25000 ringgit towards one of the undermentioned enterprises: school library, ICT integrating, betterment of school environment or another justifiable enterprise in the school In add-on: all staff receive certifications, school trophy, award ceremonial ; acknowledgment in Khazanah newssheets etc.Khazanah Education ConferenceCreates: Professional dutyEach school is to lend to the presentations by electing a staff member to run a workshop demoing good pattern from their school Each Principal presents a journey through the alterations in their ain school Conference inside informations to be planned and organized by Nord Anglia ( e.g. Heartss and heads ) International talker Travel costs to conference Besides leading conference for School PrincipalsKhazanah School Grant AwardsCreates: enterprise to better countries of the schoolEach school may use for up to 2 grants per academic twelvemonth Grants will be to a maximal sum Booklet and application processs and procedure, rating to be provided Grants can be for any enterprise that is likely to better pupil accomplishment and/or wellbeing Every school has the chance of being selected to have a grant Lateral Awards-Across Trust school inducements Abstraction: A scope of awards to advance competition and inducement across the trust schools is needed. For each proposal accepted a Booklet will be designed with the standards, application procedure and grounds base needed. Most Improved school Most Improved instructor Best Leader Award Khazanah Most Improved Trust School Award Best Community Involvement Best Parental Support plans Most supportive school -supporting others within the TrustAdvanced Khazanah School AwardAbstraction: This is a extremely esteemed award given merely to schools that are outstanding and still go oning to better and a theoretical account for others. As the trust schools grow in figure in each twelvemonth, these schools will be used to see, portion good pattern and lead others. Pride and acknowledgment in the community and the Trust school group are the wages for this accomplishment. For Principals:Salary Scale AdjustmentsCreates: equity and equality in working conditions ; retaining of staffPrincipals wages reviewed in each school and exceed up wages provided bespoke to schools to guarantee that principal is on a higher graduated table than other staff ; in little schools, principals can make higher wage graduated tables and they are non limited to Ministry graduated tables

Dr. Randy Pausch Essay

Dr. Randy Pausch was an American professor of computer Science and human-computer interaction and design at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He learned that he had suffering from the pancreatic cancer in September 2006, and in August 2007 he was giving a terminal diagnosis:†3 to 6 months of good health left.† He gave an upbeat lecture titled â€Å"The Last Lecture: Really Achieving Your Childhood Dreams.† On September 18, 2007, at Camegie Mellon University. On the stage that day, Randy was youthful, energetic, handsome, often cheerfully, darkly funny. He seemed invincible. But this was a brief moment, as he himself acknowledged. If you knew you were going to die and you had one last lecture. What would you say to your students? For Dr. Randy Pausch, there’s an elephant in the room and the elephant in the room is that for him it wasn’t hypothetical. It has now come back after surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation and the doctor to ld him there’s nothing to do and he has months to live. These are his most recent CT scans. The pancreatic cancer has spread to his liver. They’re approximately a dozen tumors. Even though he don’t like this but he can’t do anything about the fact that he is going to die. The Last Lecture by Dr. Randy Pausch on Oprah was about childhood dreams. His childhood dreams were being in the National Football League. This is one of the childhood dreams he didn’t achieve and it’s very important to know that, if you don’t achieve your dreams, you can still get a lot by trying for it. Experience is what you get when you don’t get what you wanted. Dr. Randy Pausch’s second dream is to become a Walt Disney Imaginary. When he was eight, his family took the Pilgrimage to Disneyland in California and it was this incredible experience. The rides and the shows and the attractions and everything and he said, gosh, I’d like to make stuff like that when he get older. So he graduated from college and he tried to become an Imagineer. T hese are the people who make the magic. He got a lovely rejection letter and then he tried again after graduated school and he have kept all of these rejection letters over the years as an inspiration. But then the darndest thing happened. He worked hard and worked hard and he became a junior faculty member and he specialized in doing certain kinds of research. He developed a skill that was valuable to Disney and he got a chance to go there. Finally, he become a part of an Imagineering team and they worked on something called Aladdin’s Magic Carpet  Ride and it was incredibly cool however it took him over 15 years to do it and lots of tries. What he learned from that the brick walls that are in our way are there for a reason. They are not there to keep us out. They are there to give us a way to show how much we want it. Dr. Randy have a good relationship with his parents. His father is an incredible guy and he fought in World War II. He was clearly part of the greatest generation. Sadly, his father passed away a little over a year ago and when his mother was going through his thing that was when she discovered that in World War II, he was awarded the Bronze Star for valor. His mother was always there to keep him in check. Dr. Randy believed his parents encouraged him to cultivate his creative talents by letting him paint rockets on the walls of his house. When he got older and he bought his first car and he was so excited. According to Dr. Randy, people are more important than things. He just emptying a can of soda onto the back seat of his car when his sister was explains to his niece and nephew so they will not get his car dirty. He explain to her sister about it’s just a thing. Dr. Randy know he will dying soon so he choose to have fun today, tomorrow, and every other day he have left. If you want to achieve your dreams, you better work and play well with others. For him, a good apology has three parts, I’m sorry, it was my fault and how do I make it right? Most people skip that third part. Dr. Randy show his gratitude to the group of kids who helped him gets his dream job by brought them to Disney world. When people asked ‘How could you do it?’ and he said ‘How could I not do it?’ Gratitude is a very simple thing and it’s a very powerful thing. If you lead your life the right way, the karma will take care of itself. The dreams will come to you. If you live properly, the dreams will come to you.

Nursing Ethics of Patients Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nursing Ethics of Patients - Case Study Example And lastly, an ethical decision-making model will be discussed keeping in view the given scenario. Ethical theories form the bedrock on which the guiding principles of the nursing profession are based. They are responsible for providing a structural approach to moral reasoning in this profession (Med India, 2011). Most often than not, healthcare professionals are faced with situations that require the employment of such ethical theories for the purpose of moral reasoning so as to conclude the moral value of a judgment under consideration (Registered Nurse Canada, 2009). Example of the employment of such theories includes granting the right to the patients to be able to make their own treatment-related decisions. This term refers to the right of an individual to keep the medical information and records private. The information under its clause can only be trusted to the healthcare professionals dealing with the patient and is not to be made public or even given to someone else without the consent of the patient (Fullbrook, 2007). Even though confidentiality is something that is to be valued and respected, there are situations in which that does not seem like the best thing to do, as is the scenario in the given case. In such cases, it is considered that one establishes a domain of certain reasonable limits. It would somehow restrict the boundary to which the confidentiality principle is to be respected (Wolfe, 1962). However, in cases where the confidentiality aspect endangers the prospective patient, it becomes an ethical dilemma for the healthcare professionals that are then torn between upholding the confidentiality and informing others of the condition for treatment (Corey & Callanan, 1998). Even though confidentiality is a vital practice in the medical profession, just like all the other factors, it is not absolute. (Wynia, 2007).

Story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Story - Essay Example He argued and said that I can still flip in a rubberized mat which is true. But it is very painful to flip on a rubberized mat compared to a cushioned mat because rubberized mat is very hard. I told him that it’s best to use cushioned mat because he can still practice his Arnis even though it’s cushioned mat flooring. My brother didn’t have any experience in Aikido while I had experience in Arnis. The main conflict was about choosing the best type of flooring for the gym. Using critical thinking, I found out that my brother isn’t open-minded to people’s point of view. He is basing his own reasoning on his perception which he has no insight and experience on the matter of flipping and rolling in a certain mat. Using critical thinking, I know it is best to use the cushioned mat because I can train properly on my techniques in Aikido and he can also train properly his techniques in Arnis. I am basing my reasoning from my insight and experience from training both Aikido and Arnis which lead me to have a strong reasoning that it is best to use cushioned mat because it will work for the both of us I had developed the habit of being open-minded. Because wherever you are, whatever you are doing it is best to gain insights from experienced people in order for us to strengthen our point of view with

Researched Proposal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Researched Proposal - Research Paper Example If you found this article by using the World Wide Web, you must complete the following portion of the form as well. Answer the following questions: If the article comes from an online subscription service found in the SCC library, you may stop here. If you found this article by using the World Wide Web, you must complete the following portion of the form as well. Answer the following questions: If the article comes from an online subscription service found in the SCC library, you may stop here. If you found this article by using the World Wide Web, you must complete the following portion of the form as well. Answer the following questions: If the article comes from an online subscription service found in the SCC library, you may stop here. If you found this article by using the World Wide Web, you must complete the following portion of the form as well. Answer the following

Windows Vulnerability Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Windows Vulnerability - Research Paper Example This report highlights the details of attacks conducted using this vulnerability, the systems that are vulnerable to this attack, the consequences and effects of the attacks, document some cases where such attacks have taken place and finally explore the fixes that exist so far. As stated above, such an attack takes advantage of the design flaws in transport layer, such that the attacker is able to intercept secure traffic from the target computer. In this way, the attacker could make use of an enticing website to attract a user within the organization. Any processing handled on that website, could trigger sensitive information to flow to the attackers website. A successful attack would be possible if the attacker is able to decrypt the traffic from the target systems, which is normally encrypted. However, the vulnerability will not be extended to users of SharePoint 2010 and Microsoft internet information services (IIS7). These systems will function normally with no fear of remote attacks unless they are deployed on machines with the above named operating systems. The uncontrolled and unauthorized access to target systems creates a channel that the attacker can use to acquire the organization’s sensitive data or plan future attacks. This means, sensitive information could be leaked to competitors; thus, diminishing any competitive advantages that may have existed. Currently, there are no reported cases of attacks conducted by exploiting this vulnerability. According to a vulnerability alert, this exploit has been unproven (Cisco). However, this does not belittle the fact that the vulnerability still exists and measures should be taken to ensure that the organization’s data is safe. Given the fact that this vulnerability can be exploited through remote means, it is important to ensure that the filters and checks are put in place to control

A Right to Bear Glocks by Gail Collins Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Right to Bear Glocks by Gail Collins - Article Example The writer is not ready to blame Loughner alone for this incident; she indirectly mentions that the mentality of the Americans who think it is necessary to have free access to weapons is to be changed. Otherwise, there should be clear distinction between the kind of weapons citizens can bear for self-protection and lethal weapons of mass killing. However, the writer points out how frightened the American political workers and the government are to campaign against the all-powerful National Rifle Association. The title of the article ‘The Right to Bear Glocks’ is highly metaphorical in nature. In one way, it can be defined as the writer asking if the right to arms means the right to bear lethal weapons like Glocks. In another way, it can be defined as the writer mocking at the right to ‘have’ arms as the right to ‘tolerate’ arms. To show how the concept of democracy is misused, the writer narrates the fate of a nine-year-old girl who had recently been elected to the student council at her school. She attended the campaign to learn ‘how democracy worked’ met a   tragic death. In this article, the writer wants to show how a population suffers the perils of their own craze for weapons. Gabrielle Giffords herself was an avid supporter of the right to weapons and by narrating her fate, the writer wants to point out the biblical ideology of ‘all they that take the sword shall perish with the sword’ (Mat 26:52). In addition, another concept the writer indirectly implies is the way innocent people are affected by the actions of others. The writer says proper rules and regulations could have saved the lives of many people including a church volunteer and a nine-year-old child.  

Historical Analysis of the Gunpowder Plot of 1605 Research Paper

Historical Analysis of the Gunpowder Plot of 1605 - Research Paper Example This led to Queen Elizabeth's attempts towards religious tolerance which failed. The end result was a deep dissatisfaction amongst Catholics in England which culminated in the Gunpowder Plot to assassinate King James. Supremacy and Uniformity Act & Penal Law in the 1500s England encountered the reformation in the era of Henry VIII who passed the Act of Supremacy of 1534 which made the Crown take over the English Church from Pope1. This was due to some fundamental disagreement concerning monogamy and his desire to divorce his wife which was unapproved by the Pope. Due to this, the Church was deeply divided. The Uniformity Act of 1534 required all priests in England to swear an oath to the King of England and not to the pope. Notable bishops and priests refused to do this and they were executed. This included John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester who refused to swear allegiance to the King of England. The society was therefore divided between the Catholics, who were influenced by the need t o remain loyal to the Pope and Rome and the Anglicans who had decided to swear allegiance to the King of England. Also, the wind of Protestantism was blowing in Britain because many breakaway groups like the Calvinists and other such groups were fully operational in the country. The Protestants demanded a total breakaway from the Catholic Church and full derecognition of the Pope. However, the Anglicans maintained some of the traditions of the Catholic Church. Since the King had supreme power and authority, he managed to make important changes and reforms to the Anglican Church. He went further and married several women and had different children who were all capable of taking over from him. After his death in 1547, Henry VIII was replaced by Edward VI who reigned in 1553. Edward VI's mother was Jane Seymour and was a Protestant. He repealed six articles of the Uniformity Act and integrated some elements of Calvinism. Queen Mary took over in 1553 after the death of Edward VI. Mary's mother was Catherine of Aragon. She was a Roman Catholic and she promoted Catholicism in England during her reign. She defied all odds and married her cousin, Philip from Spain and this really angered many leaders in England who saw this as a major return to Catholicism. Mary's reign was said to be very bloody because she took so many steps to suppress Protestants and other views. In her reign, she burnt 300 people at the stake and this furthered her effort to return the country to its Catholic roots2. When Elizabeth I took over from Mary in 1558, there had been two important transitions ahead of her reign. Elizabeth I was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn and was the last Tudor to reign. At this point, the different religious had emerged. This included the Catholics, Protestants, and Anglicans. Within these sects, there were extreme groups and ideologies that sought to control affairs of the state in a more holistic manner. In order to prevent tensions in her reign, Eliza beth II passed the Act of Supremacy3. This was a kind of religious settlement that was meant to prevent further violence and promote national unity/stability. This Act canceled the pro-Catholic laws of Mary and the King/Queen of England was to become the head of the Anglican Church. People taking high public office were required to swear to the Queen.  

Communication Strategies for Leaders Essay Example for Free

Communication Strategies for Leaders Essay A leader must be able to communicate effectively. When asked to define leadership, theorists and practitioners alike frequently use the words â€Å"influence,† â€Å"inspire† and â€Å"transform,† all of which depend on communication, verbal and nonverbal. Leaders lead through their words and actions. This text focuses on both, thus the emphasis throughout on emotional intelligence, the ability to understand the self and others (Barrett, 2011). Effective leadership communication requires the ability to anticipate to the potential interruptions in the transmission of the message, appreciate the context, understand the audience, select the right medium and craft a clear message that allows the meaning to reach the specific receiver as intended (Barrett, 2011). In my quest to achieve superior communication leadership skills I have had the opportunity to assess and evaluate my effectiveness in communication leadership. This personal assessment has indicated I must become more strategic as strategy is the foundation on which any effective communication depends on. Leaders must be able to analyze their audience in every situation and design a communication strategy that facilitates accomplishing their communication. Communication is critical to every organization and for any aspiring leader. I plan to be strategic in developing a plan to be a more effective communicator by reaching out to external constituents as that is an area for communication improvement. Overall, effective communication strategy depends on ones thinking and planning strategically understanding your audience, and structuring your communication for different situations, delivery methods, and audiences to ensure that you connect with your audience and deliver your intended message (Barrett, 2011). III. As a leader and manager in my organization I take pride in being an effective leader and communication. I have been at my non-profit organization for the  past 6 years and have made significant improvement and learned to grow my communication skills. Owens (1998) mentions two key features of leadership which are: (1) the engagement of persons in a process that identifies them with goals, and (2) the potential to change the institutional environment (e.g. values, beliefs, etc.) by implementing diversity goals into the organizational culture. At the same time, I am a leader that promotes integrity to motivate ethical behavior across the entire organization. Also, it is important for me to create an open environment in which followers and employees feel free to speak up and come forward to me when any action needs to take place. Overall, I am always striving to be a better communicator in all situations as it teaches as I want to be recognized by others as a transformational leader. IV. Score Skill Area 3 Communication Strategy 2 Written Communication Skills 1 = substantial need to improve 3 Oral Communication Skills 2 = some need to improve 3 Ethos/Image 3 = little need to improve 3 Skills at Dealing with Others 4 = no need to improve at this time 3 Observation and Feedback Skills 3 Team Communications and Dynamics Skills 3 Skills at Dealing with Your Own Feelings 3 Internal Corporate Communication 2 External Corporate Communication I consider my oral public speaking skills to be my major strength when communicating to internal colleagues at my organization. I am always poised to conduct presentations and participate in public speaking engagements. I always maintain a sense of confidence and take pride in my public speaking skills. At the same time, I feel much more comfortable in situations where I can communicate effectively with my team members and demonstrate my dynamic skills to engage them effectively. I tend to be a coach and a motivator among my employees. I use different means to get my employees to want to be better at their duties and take full ownership of their tasks and goals. I also have a lot of confidence in being able to utilize my skills in dealing with others feelings and communicating with them solutions to help them with their particular situation. I would consider my interpersonal communication skills with external relations as an area for improvement. I tend to be an extrovert when it comes to public speaking and very confidant with communicating with large audiences but I tend to be introverted when it comes to communication in smaller groups or individual communication with members of external organizations. Barrett (2011) suggests that selecting the right spokesperson to deliver external messages can be almost as critical as the message themselves. I need to work on this part of my communication leadership by participating in more social and networking events to work on my confidence in communicating with external constituents. I also plan to travel more with my executive leadership team and attend meetings and events to get a better understanding of how to communicate more effectively in my external communication. Improvement Goal Action Steps to Achieve Goal (Program) Deadline Method to Measure Success Develop better oral communication skills with external corporate relations Attend more external corporate events and meetings with the executive team. Solicit feedback from executive team members concerning areas for improvement and change any behavior based on feedback Participate in more networking events with external constituents. December 31, 2013 Attend various events. Listen to the feedback given and start to implement that feedback in my future interactions. Achieved: No Further development of my written communication skills Solicit feedback from my supervisor and other employees about my written communication. Conduct more proofreading and be more strategic in my research. December 31, 2013 Compare written material from previous months. Have others review my written communication. Effective leadership communication requires the ability to anticipate to the potential interruptions in the transmission of the message, appreciate the context, understand the audience, select the right medium and craft a clear  message that allows the meaning to reach the specific receiver as intended (Barrett, 2011). I always maintain a sense of confidence and take pride in my public speaking skills. At the same time, I feel much more comfortable in situations where I can communicate effectively with my team members and demonstrate my dynamic skills to engage them effectively which include motivating and coaching. I would consider my interpersonal communication skills with external relations as an area for improvement. I tend to be an extrovert when it comes to public speaking and very confidant with communicating with large audiences but I tend to be introverted when it comes to communication in smaller groups or individual communication with members of external organizations. I have action steps in place to help me in my leadership development which include attending more external corporate events and meetings with the executive team. Solicit feedback from executive team members concerning areas for improvement and change any behavior based on feedback. Also, I plan to participate in more networking events with external constituents. References Aamodt, M. (2013). Industrial/Organizational Psychology: An applied approach. Seventh edition. Cox et. al (2007). Evaluating organizational-level work stress interventions: Beyond tradition methods. Work Stress, 21, 348-362. Ebbers, L., Conover, K., Samuels, A. (2010). Leading from the middle: preparing leaders for new roles. New directions for Community Colleges.Wiley Periodicals. Frese, M (2009). The changing nature of work. In N. Chmiel (Ed.) An introduction to work and organizational psychology (2nd ed., pp. 397-413). Oxford: Blackwell publishing. Lawler, E.E. (2001). Organizing for high performance. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Owens, Robert. (1998). Organizational Behavior in Education (6th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Project Management Success Factors

Project Management Success Factors Introduction Project is a temporary, unique and novel endeavor having a clear finish date (Project Management Institute, 2013). Project success has been a hot topic of debate for the last few decades. A lot of research and study has been done in this respect but the results are elusive rather than conclusive. The fundamental reason behind this is the unique nature, size and complexity of a project. Project success is a perceived concept and there is a wide divergence of opinions concerning this. Early research on project success was done keeping into account the golden triangle of time, budget and required levels of quality (Belassi, 1996). Failure to meet this expectations/standards, the project was considered as a failure. However, in the last two decades, the focus has been more on organizational and management success. The assessment of project success is done by different interest groups- (Stockholders, managers, customers and employees). Therefore, assessment of project success must be done in accordance to different views (Stuckenbruck, 1986) (Baccarini, 1999) identified the two distinct sources of project success: Project Management Success Emphasizes on project process and the successful accomplishment of golden triangle (cost, time and quality). Also, it addresses the way a project was conducted. Product Success- Deals with the effects of products final outcome. Project success is of prime most importance as a vast majority of the projects fail, incurring huge amounts of losses (resources and time). To overcome this, prominent researchers have adopted a two-dimensional method of addressing project success, namely project success criteria and success factors. PROJECT CRITICAL SUCCESS CRITERIA AND CRITICIAL SUCCESS FACTORS   Ã‚   Project success criteria are the set of guidelines and standards used to review the success or failures of a project. These are dependent on a lot of factors/variables and will be subject to variation in perception by different stakeholders. Traditionally, project success criteria were dependent on the golden or iron triangle (cost, time and quality). Conversely, it was later on discovered that success criteria couldnt be measured based on these factors alone as the perception of project success varies from person to person. Furthermore, research also shows that it is impossible to generate a standard specification of success criteria apposite for all projects. Assessment of project was done on different criterias, including utility of the final project, client satisfaction, and the probability of making use of the finished project (Slevin Pinto, 1986). Although different researches have different opinions, there is a general consensus regarding the result areas, which covers the en tire issue of project success in the broadest sense. Some of the key elements of project success criteria are as follows: Stakeholders Appreciation. User Appreciation. Appreciation by contracting partners. Appreciation by project personnel. Appreciation by users. Client appreciation. Time. Quality. Cost. Project efficiency. Project management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet the project requirements. (Project Management Institute, 2013). A lot of significant research work has been carried out in the field of project management to identify and determine the critical success factors. Eminent researchers , Pinto and Slevin were the first to develop a Project management tool, named Project Implementation Plan (PIP) and identification of critical success factors (Slevin Pinto, 1986). These factors were widely accepted and also used by other researchers (Scott-Young Samson, 2004) . Furthermore, it was also realized that due to complexities and subtleties of projects, this method wasnt very effective and the Project implementation tool (PIP) was used to examine the Critical success Factors (CSF) over different project life cycles (Pinto Prescott, 1998) (Adams, 1978) (King Cleland, 1983). The various Critical Success Factors associated with the dif ferent project life cycles are as follows: Project Initiation or Conceptualization Phase: (Success factors- Definition of goals, project objectives, project summary and client appreciation). (Morris Hough, 1987) Project Planning Phase : (Success factors- Scope definition, project strategy, selection of team members, work breakdown structure (WBS), resource allocation, client acceptance and management support). (Cleland King, 1983) (Belassi, 1996) Project Execution Phase: (Success factors- Scheduling, technical works, trouble-shooting, monitoring and feedback, innovation and quality control) (Morris Hough, 1987) Project Closing or Terminating Phase: (Success factors- Client feedback, work review, technical tasks, client consultation, project reports.) (Belassi, 1996) Furthermore, the success factors can also be divided into major groups covering all the aspects and elements of project management (Westerveld, 2002). These are as follows: Management of Human Resources: (Team and leadership, Project manager, stakeholder Management) Project Process: (Planning, scheduling, controlling, monitoring, quality and risk) Organizational Factors: (Resources , policy , organizational structure) Technical Factors: (Procurement, Contractor, technical works and novelty) External Factors: (Skilled human resources, experience, project size, project uniqueness, management support structure, political stability, environment and other natural hazards) Thus, it can be concluded that project success criteria emphasizes more on the result oriented areas, whereas; success factors focus more on the organizational areas of a project (Westerveld, 2002). At the same time, they both act as excellent guidelines for the management team to formulate and device their strategy, implementing and executing them in order to achieve direct or indirect project success. Also, researchers have found that that human resource management accelerates projects success more than technical skills (Scott-Young Samson, 2004). Project managers play a pivotal role when it comes to successful delivery of projects. Due to the complexity and uniqueness associated with each project, it is of outmost importance for a project manager to develop and adopt a multi-dimensional approach. As the project manager has to focus on multiple variables, it is essential for the project manager to get his management team onboard as quickly as possible and define project goals, sco pe and execution plan. A project manager must realize and understand the client and organizations expectations and design a bespoke plan of action taking into account the success criteria and success factors.

Hitlers Rise To Power :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The name Hitler stirs up many emotions inside the hearts of people. What could have made Hitler so hostile towards the Jews? Could it have been his unhappy childhood, frustrated adolecsnce, his artistic disappointment, rejection from the Jewish society or merely the wound he received on the front during World War I. Adolf Hitler or the incarnation of absolute evil became dictator of Germany in 1933 and prepared his nation for war and a â€Å"Final Solution† to the â€Å"Jewish problem†. Hitler posed a great threat to democracy and redefined the meaning of evil for eternity. Hitler’s undeniable hatred for Jews crushed his dream of a â€Å"third Reich† and only created more anguish, and enmity among the people of Germany.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  World War I was a great disparagement to the German people. Despair increased as the army returned to a bankrupt country. Millions of Germans could not find work, and a weak republic had replaced the defeated Germany. The German people were humiliated and full of distress. They were looking for many ways to restore their dignity and pride, but little did they know that things would get much worse. â€Å"The rain of inflation fell on the just and the unjust alike†(Flood 313) By 1923, Germany was facing deep troubles. There was major inflation and the majority of the population was poverty stricken. Problems were beginning to escalate while Germany was in a dismal economic state, shops were closing and, no 1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  profits in production resulted in vast unemployment. Hungry and miserable the people turned to Hitler. He was a skillful schemer, politician, and organizer. This was Hitler's opportunity to preach amongst the German people. Hitler preached German superiority, more precisely to the Aryan race. Since the country was in total and complete chaos after the war, and was forced to pay billions of dollars in reparations, the German people saw some sort of hope in Hitler. Germany lost a large amount of its territory. The Empire was no more. â€Å"Hitler saw an opportunity and moved to grasp it† (Alexandria 75). When he took power the economy was basically non existent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hitler did not believe in total truth, instead he relied on halve truths, and big lies. For example he believed that the Jews were a sub -human race, that should be treated terribly and be completely disposed of. The German Workers' Party appealed to Hitler even though they were small, disorganized, and led by a group of misfits.

Impact of Global Warming on Coastal Wetlands Essay -- Climate Change,

Impact of Global Warming on Coastal Wetlands Professor’s comment: Jane wrote this research paper for my Advanced Composition course. The assignment asks the students to read and understand six to ten articles within a research area of their choice, then synthesize the information so that a reader can quickly understand the present state of research in that area. Jane chose to look at how increased flooding and salinity might affect coastal wetland soils and species, and she organized the material clearly and effectively. What I liked particularly about this review was that it moved logically from the effects of flooding and salinity on wetland soils to the effects on the plants growing there to the overall effects on the wetland, both in terms of species composition and, more drastically, wetland survival. The tie-in with global climate change puts this local chain of cause and effect into a larger perspective. Introduction Global climate change, rising sea levels and anthropogenic factors are creating increased flooding and salinity levels in coastal wetland areas. (Conner, 1994; Flynn et al., 1995; Webb et al., 1995; Conner and Askew, 1993; Allen et al., 1995; McCarron et al., 1998; Baldwin and Mendelssohn, 1998). Increased flooding and salinity levels can affect wetland soil parameters, and in turn, wetland associated plant species (Baldwin and Mendelssohn, 1998). Although some species are more tolerant to these conditions, most species demonstrate physiological responses and decreased survival at increased flooding and salinity levels. Therefore, changes in wetland species composition are expected unless intolerant species can adapt to heightened flooding and salinity levels imposed by changing environmental... ... 255-268. Conner, W.H. and Askew, G.R. (1993). Impact of Saltwater Flooding on Red Maple, Redbay, and Chinese Tallow Seedlings. Castanea58(3): 214-219 Conner, W.H. (1994). The Effect of Salinity and Waterlogging on Growth and Survival of Baldcypress and Chinese Tallow Seedlings. Journal of Coastal Research10(4): 1045-1049. Flynn, K.M., McKee, K.L., and Mendelssohn, I.A. (1995). Recovery of freshwater marsh vegetation after a saltwater intrusion event. Oecologia103: 63-72. McCarron, J-K., McLeod, K.W., and Conner, W.H. (1998). Flood and Salinity Stress of Wetland Woody Species, Buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis)and Swamp Tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora). Wetlands18(2): 165-l 75. Webb, E.C., Mendelssohn, I.A., and Wilsey, B.J. (1995). Causes for vegetation dieback in a Louisiana salt marsh: A bioassay approach. Aquatic Botany5 1: 28 l-289.

The Threat of Global Warming Essay -- Greenhouse Gases Climate Change

The Threat of Global Warming Through the eyes of most scientists, global warming is seen as a very serious and severe threat. The actions taken by humans, such as industry and consumption of fossil fuels plus the increase in population and agriculture have played a big part in global warming. If something is not done soon the results could be very bad.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By the middle of the twenty first century, there is evidence that the Earth will be warmer than it has been at any time in human history, and quite possibly since the end of the dinosaurs, some 65 billion years ago. If we stay at the rate we are now (fossil fuel consumption / growth in population) then within the next two century the Earth's air might not be fit to breath. Many people in the world do not think that this is a major concern and that it is normal for the Earth's temperature to increase. However, if this temperature increase is put into perspective of several hundred years, there will be many devastating effects. This is why most scientists view global warming as a very serious and severe threat. Global warming does not require a reduction of the standard of living of people. However it does demand a rapid shift in the patterns of consumption of fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas, to an economy more reliant on solar energy, hydrogen gas, wind bi omass, and other renewable energy sources.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The term greenhouse effect is used to describe the increased warming of the Earth's surface and lower atmosphere due to increased levels of carbon dioxide and other atmospheric gases that absorb radiated energy in the atmosphere and then reradiate it back to the surface. But if it were not for the greenhouse effect, temperatures at the Earth's surface today would be much colder then they are now, and life as we know it could not exist. Scientists are now concerned that the greenhouse gases are being increased by human actions to levels that could be very harmful to life on Earth. Almost all specialists agree that without drastic steps to curb greenhouse gas emissions, the average global temperature will increase 1 to 3.5 degrees Celsius during the next century because effective levels of carbon dioxide are expected to double sometime between 2050 and 2100. Many of the greenhouse gases remain in the atmosphere for a long time, and because this happens their tendenc y to warm the Earth persi... ...eforestation of previously forested land that has become agriculturally useless has to be promoted. That will require conservation incentive schemes and improvement of farm yields to reduce the pressure to clear new land. This will not be nearly as expensive as coping with the costs of global warming. Controlling populations is also a necessity in order to control the consumption of energy and fossil fuels, but you could write a whole other paper on if they could implement those laws and what human rights that interferes with.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Through the eyes of most scientists, global warming is seen as a very serious and severe threat. Global warming is caused by five naturally occurring atmospheric gases, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone and water vapor, which are responsible for the greenhouse effect. The consumption of fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas are the main way these gases are emitted to the atmosphere. The effects of global warming could be very severe if steps are not taken to control the omittance of greenhouse gases, and that is why humans should be more reliant on solar energy, hydrogen gas, wind, biomass, and other renewable energy sources. The Threat of Global Warming Essay -- Greenhouse Gases Climate Change The Threat of Global Warming Through the eyes of most scientists, global warming is seen as a very serious and severe threat. The actions taken by humans, such as industry and consumption of fossil fuels plus the increase in population and agriculture have played a big part in global warming. If something is not done soon the results could be very bad.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By the middle of the twenty first century, there is evidence that the Earth will be warmer than it has been at any time in human history, and quite possibly since the end of the dinosaurs, some 65 billion years ago. If we stay at the rate we are now (fossil fuel consumption / growth in population) then within the next two century the Earth's air might not be fit to breath. Many people in the world do not think that this is a major concern and that it is normal for the Earth's temperature to increase. However, if this temperature increase is put into perspective of several hundred years, there will be many devastating effects. This is why most scientists view global warming as a very serious and severe threat. Global warming does not require a reduction of the standard of living of people. However it does demand a rapid shift in the patterns of consumption of fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas, to an economy more reliant on solar energy, hydrogen gas, wind bi omass, and other renewable energy sources.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The term greenhouse effect is used to describe the increased warming of the Earth's surface and lower atmosphere due to increased levels of carbon dioxide and other atmospheric gases that absorb radiated energy in the atmosphere and then reradiate it back to the surface. But if it were not for the greenhouse effect, temperatures at the Earth's surface today would be much colder then they are now, and life as we know it could not exist. Scientists are now concerned that the greenhouse gases are being increased by human actions to levels that could be very harmful to life on Earth. Almost all specialists agree that without drastic steps to curb greenhouse gas emissions, the average global temperature will increase 1 to 3.5 degrees Celsius during the next century because effective levels of carbon dioxide are expected to double sometime between 2050 and 2100. Many of the greenhouse gases remain in the atmosphere for a long time, and because this happens their tendenc y to warm the Earth persi... ...eforestation of previously forested land that has become agriculturally useless has to be promoted. That will require conservation incentive schemes and improvement of farm yields to reduce the pressure to clear new land. This will not be nearly as expensive as coping with the costs of global warming. Controlling populations is also a necessity in order to control the consumption of energy and fossil fuels, but you could write a whole other paper on if they could implement those laws and what human rights that interferes with.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Through the eyes of most scientists, global warming is seen as a very serious and severe threat. Global warming is caused by five naturally occurring atmospheric gases, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone and water vapor, which are responsible for the greenhouse effect. The consumption of fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas are the main way these gases are emitted to the atmosphere. The effects of global warming could be very severe if steps are not taken to control the omittance of greenhouse gases, and that is why humans should be more reliant on solar energy, hydrogen gas, wind, biomass, and other renewable energy sources.

Indian Paint Industry

The size of the paints market in India is estimated at Rs 110 bn, with the contribution of the organised and unorganised segments in the ratio of 65:35. Reduction of excise duties over the last few years, from 40% to the present level of 14%, has helped create a level playing field between the unorganised and the organised segments, as the former is not subject to excise duty. As the unorganised sector loses its competitive edge, it is also losing market share to the organised sector players. In view of the low per capita annual consumption of paints in India (0. kg, compared to 4 kg in South East Asian countries, 22 kg in developed countries and a global average of 15 kg), the domestic paints industry has tremendous potential. The paints industry is working-capital intensive, rather than fixed-asset intensive. As in consumer non-durables, distribution strengths and brand building are of paramount importance. The Indian paint industry witnessed robust growth in turnover on the back of increased volumes during the festival season. Both decorative and industrial segments performed well during the quarter. Moreover, the margins received a boost with the domestic currency continuing to rise against the greenback, causing a substantial reduction in cost of imported inputs. This in turn induced some of the players in the industry to reduce the prices of select products to pass on the benefit to the customers. Further, players are going in for capacity expansions to reap the benefits of the rising demand for paints Segments: On product lines, paints can be differentiated into decorative or architectural paints and industrial paints. While the former caters to the housing sector, the automotive segment is a major consumer of the latter. Decorative paints can further be classified into premium, medium and distemper segments. Premium decorative paints are acrylic emulsions used mostly in the metros. The medium range consists of enamels, popular in smaller cities and towns. Distempers are economy products demanded in the suburban and rural markets. Nearly 20 per cent of all decorative paints sold in India are distempers and it is here that the unorganised sector has dominance. Industrial paints include powder coatings, high performance oating and automotive and marine paints. But two-thirds of the industrial paints produced in the country are automotive paints. Decorative and industrial paints are the segments within the sector, in a 70:30 proportion. Brand equity, a wide range of shades, distribution strength and efficient working capital management are key success factors in the decorative paints segment. A strong distribution network acts as an entry barrier. Within the decorative segment, enamel is the largest sub-segment, accounting for over 50%, followed by wall finishes, primers and wood finishes. The season for decorative paints is from October to March, a period characterised by festivals like Diwali, and the summer, when painting is normally carried out. The industrial segment pertains mainly to automobiles. In this segment, technological competence, product range and customised solutions are of utmost importance. Technological strength is another entry barrier. The slowdown in the automobile sector has affected the overall growth of the industrial segment, as the former contributes around 50% of the latter's revenues. Other sub-segments are marine paints, powder coatings for white goods like refrigerators and washing machines, and industrial coatings. Within the paints sector, the proportion of the industrial paints segment is likely to increase in the next few years and the ratio is likely to become 50:50. The demand for decorative paints is highly price-sensitive and also cyclical. Monsoon is a slack season while the peak business period is Diwali festival time, when most people repaint their houses. The industrial paints segment, on the other hand, is a high volume-low margin business. In the decorative segment, it is the distribution network that counts while in the industrial segment the deciding factor are technological superiority and tie-up with automobile manufacturers for assured business. The share of industrial paints in the total paint consumption of the nation is very low compared to global standards. It accounts for 30 per cent of the paint market with 70 per cent of paints sold in India for decorative purposes. In most developed countries, the ratio of decorative paints vis-A -vis industrial paints is around 50:50. But, with the decorative segment bottoming out, companies are increasingly focussing on industrial paints. The future for industrial paints is bright. In the next few years, its share would go up to 50 per cent, in line with the global trend. Decorative Sector Composition ( to be check for accuracy of figures) Enamels 50% Distemper 19% Emulsions 17% Exterior Coatings 12% Wood Finishes 2% Decorative Sector Features Enamels Steady growth. These are oil based paints which are widely used for painting on all surfaces including walls, wood and metals. They also find application in painting of hoardings and signboards and repainting of commercial vehicles. Emulsions Shift from distemper and enamels to emulsions. High growth area. These are premium qualtity oil based wall paints. Distempers High growth in low priced low quality distempers as consumers are upgrading from limewash. These are water based wall paints priced at a much lower range than the above two. Exteriors Exterior emulsion fastest growing segment in the Indin Paint market. Industrial Sector Composition ( to be check for accuracy of figures) Automotive Paints – 50%Â  High Performance Coating – 30% Powder Coating – 10% Coil Coating – 5% Marine Paints – 5% Automotive Sector High growth sector with a number of new entrants like Mercedes Benz, Mitsubishi, Daewoo, Hyundai, Honda, Fiat, General Motors, Ford. However, recently there is some slackness in Auto demands. Two wheeler market booming due to demend from large Indian middle class. Goodlass and Asian Paints are the leading OEM players and ICI is the leading player in the replacement market PowderCoatings Increase growth due to increased sales of white goods and auto ancillaries. Berger and Goodlass lead in this solid powder coating segment used for decoration and protection of white goods, electronic equipment and auto components. High Performance Coatings Steady growth due to increase investments in refinery segment and power sectors, particularly Thermal and Nuclear. Coil Coatings:Solvent based paints for sheets and coils. ICI and Asian Paints lead this segment. Marine: Shalimar and Bombay Paints are the major players in these anti-corrosive, underwater paints used for ships and containers. Chemicals: These high performance paints are used in fertilisers, petrochemicals etc. or prevention of corrosion. APIL dominates the decorative segment with a 38 per cent market share. The company has more than 15,000 retail outlets and its brands Tractor, Apcolite, Utsav, Apex and Ace are entrenched in the market. GNPL, the number-two in the decorative segment, with a 14 per cent market share too, has now increased its distribution network to 10,700 outlets to compete with APIL effectively. Berger and ICI have 9 per cent and 8 per cent shares respectively in this segment followed by J&N and Shalimar with 1 and 6 per cent shares. GNPL dominates the industrial paints segment with 41 per cent market share. It has a lion's share of 70 per cent in the OEM passenger car segment, 40 per cent share of two wheeler OEM market and 20 per cent of commercial vehicle OEM market. It supplies 70 per cent of the paint requirement of Maruti, India's largest passenger car manufacturer, besides supplying to other customers like Telco, Toyota, Hindustan Motors, Hero Honda, TVS-Suzuki, Mahindra & Mahindra, Ashok Leyland, Ford India, PAL Peugeot and Bajaj Auto. GNPL also controls 20 per cent of the consumer durables segment with clients like Whirlpool and Godrej GE. The company is also venturing into new areas like painting of plastic, coil coatings and cans. APIL, the leader in decorative paints, ranks a poor second after Goodlass Nerolac in the industrial segment with a 15 per cent market share. But with its joint venture Asian-PPG Industries, the company is aggressively targeting the automobile sector. It has now emerged as a 100 per cent OEM supplier to Daewoo, Hyundai, Ford and General Motors and is all set to ride on the automobile boom. Berger and ICI are the other players in the sector with 10 per cent and 9 per cent shares respectively. Shalimar too, has an 8 per cent share. Raw Material scenario: The paint industry is raw material-intensive, in terms of value and quantity of raw materials used. Raw material costs account for around 70% of total production costs. Imports constitute around 30% of the raw material requirements. The most critical raw materials used are titanium dioxide (TD) (rutile and anatase grades), phthalic anhydride (PAN) and pentaerithrithol PENTA). Some other raw materials like castor oil, soyabean oil, linseed oil and mineral turpentine are also used. Increasing prices of raw materials, on the one hand, and the inability to pass on the price increases from recession and competitive pressure, on the other, are major areas of concern. Of the 300 raw materials (30% petro-based derivatives), nearly half of them are imported petroleum products. Thus, any deficit in global oil reserves affects the bottomline of the players.