Criminal Justice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Criminal Justice - Assignment Example This essay argues that while both conflict and consensus are existent in the United States, the country tends towards the conflict perspective. While both formulations of these perspectives are problematic, the consensus perspective has seemingly overly optimistic slant. In essence, it’s arguing that the law functions outside of undue influence, in a completely equitable means of agreed upon functions. It seems this view completely ignores things, such as the overwhelming privileged inherent in attending law school, or that becoming a judge requires significant political acumen. While it acknowledges that there are diverse and competing interests within a cultural framework, it assumes that the social structure exists outside of them, created through some metaphysical objectivity; this is logically inconsistent, as it fails to take into account that the very people who constructed the legal system were influenced by these same pernicious motivations. Even so, most citizens and scholars recognize some truth to the consensus model. While the Supreme Court structure in American society is understood to be highly reliant on the personal backgrounds of the individual justices, society has objectively accounted for this and openly negotiates how personal bias will be used towards equitable means. While this may be a highly reductionist take on the process of law, as a conflict argument would be that even the democratic voting process is indicative of oppressive power structures, in these instances there is at least the social movement towards equitable democratic consensus. Conversely, the conflict paradigm aligns the social structure as a means for powerful entities to continue their social domination, and it is this perspective that is most predominant in the United States. Whereas the consensus perspective seems somewhat idealized, the conflict perspective is in contains a healthy

French Spanish, Polish And Prussian Influence In The American Revolution Essay Example for Free

French Spanish, Polish And Prussian Influence In The American Revolution Essay On one end of Europe to the other, a simple but dangerous anthem that brought a great change on the face of world history is the word â€Å"why? † Time-honored certainties crumbled: traditional assumptions on the authority of society, the structure of the universe, and even the very existence of God, were put into question. â€Å"Dare to know! † challenged thinkers and philosophers, just centuries before the wave of revolution took place in different parts and phases in Europe and America. This also paved the way for the equal emphasis on practical and theoretical doctrines, which has placed great faith in innovation and a belief that all members of the human race had a right to share its fruits. Such principles as these, embodying new visions of human rights and opportunities, would be translated into action before the end of the century. In North America, England’s 13 colonies severed themselves from the mother country to forge a republic. In 1776, the revolutionaries issued a Declaration of Independence, with a text that rang out with enlightened precepts, ranging from the practical notion of government accountability to the credo that every individual had a natural right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. It would take eight years of war before the Declaration could be put into practice, and, when it was, the power relationships within the new state revealed that Enlightenment still had its limitations: the land’s original inhabitants were being remorselessly driven into the wilderness, slavery was legal, and only a small percentage of the male population and none at all of the female enjoyed the right to vote. Nevertheless, the principles of tolerance, self-determination and equal citizenship in a democratic republic had become reality, and the force of these ideas would prove unstoppable. Soon thereafter the Old World experienced its own revolutionary upheavals. In 1789, France’s disaffected bourgeoisie and downtrodden poor rose up together against their weak but autocratic king. The men who came to power when the monarchy fell were the children of the Enlightenment. They had imbibed the unsentimental rationalism of Voltaire, the broad historical perspectives of Montesquieu, and the passionate social idealism of Jean Jacques Rousseau (â€Å"The Age of Reason†). The bloody course of their Revolution, with its years of terror and turmoil, might have horrified these mentors, but the Revolution’s rallying cry of â€Å"Liberty! Equality! Fraternity! † was a triumphant answer to a century of searching and fundamental questions. II. The American Revolution â€Å"That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, that is against the protection of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, it is the right of the people to change or to abolish it and to establish a new government laying the foundation on such government as to them shall seem most likely to affect their safety and happiness. † American Declaration of Independence The signing of the Declaration of Independence as drafted by Thomas Jefferson summed up the spirit of America’s feelings on liberty and equality. It expressed their final resolve to break with Britain and put an end to the long years of rule by a king and Parliament thousands of miles away from America. This document united the thirteen colonies of diverse culture, faith, and temperament, uniting them as a new nation. They had crossed the Rubicon. â€Å"We must all hang together or else we will be hanged separately by our enemies,† warned Benjamin Franklin, a delegate from Philadelphia (J. Foe, C. Parco, and M. Coronado. â€Å"Revolution in America and France†). The Fight for Freedom America’s first shots of the revolution were fired in Lexington, Massachusetts. British soldiers had been sent on a secret raid to find and destroy rifles that had been collected by the revolutionaries. Warned by patriots such as Paul Revere, colonists fired upon the British troops. The American Revolution had begun. The Americans were up against a military giant, with 50,000 well-trained troops and another 50,000 Americans who wanted to remain British. The British were well-equipped; they had superior numbers, and had their great navy offshore the colonies. Nevertheless, the inexperienced Americans ‘slew the giant’. There were several factors that contributed to their victory. The Americans were fighting on their own territory for their own survival. The British, on the other hand were not well-motivated to fight, and frequently faced unfamiliar and unfriendly territory. The English troops included Hessian mercenaries from Germany, who became attracted to the ideals of freedom and often defected to the Americans. Although the Americans were poorly trained as soldiers, they had much experience handling guns in the wilderness of America. Further, they were led by a competent and tough leader by the name of George Washington. He inspired hope and courage in his men when all seemed to be lost. Although he had never won any battle before the revolution, Washington was a good military strategist. During the war, the British won most of the battles, but Washington made sure the Americans never were completely crushed. He only fought the British when the odds were in his favor. He used hit and run tactics against the foes. The red uniform of the British made an easy target of the American snipers. Moreover, the distance between the British forces from their homeland brought communication and supply problems. As one historian noted that ‘every biscuit, man and bullet required by the British troops in America had to be transported across a wide ocean. † The ships were small and cramped and it took at least six weeks to make a one-way trip. To make matters worse, British ships were harassed by pirates and other enemy ships, like the Dutch and the French. Lastly, and probably the most decisive factor, unlike the British who fought alone without allies, the Americans were aided secretly at first and then openly by the French, Spanish, and Dutch. Other foreign influences on the outcome of the war came from the Polish and Prussians. What began as a struggle for American independence turned into a multinational war against England. III. Various Foreign Influences: A. French Contribution About twenty years prior to the outbreak of the revolution, colonial wars fought in North America which started as wars between despots in Europe. These wars, involving Britain and France among others were the War of the League of Ausburg or the â€Å"King William’s War†, the War of Spanish Succession in 1702-14 was â€Å"Queen Anne’s War†, and the Seven Years’ War also known as the French and Indian War (G. Zaide and S. Zaide. â€Å"The Rise of the United States†). France and his allies lost heavily on the French-Indian War, resulting to the loss of her colonies mainly in North America and India. Economic policies of Britain only ensured to make money out of the New World to add to their home treasury and finance their wars in Europe. They restricted trade and raised taxes against the desires of the native Americans. Although the British won, this exacted a great price. The cost of funding the wars and maintaining such colonies, which caused the British to lay down heavy taxes on its American colonies as their means of support in exchange for their protection, ignited a desire from the colonists to liberate them from England’s rule. King Louis XVI of France was not personally sympathetic to the cause of the American Revolution. But he held a grudge against the British who robbed him of his Canadian colony. After suffering a disgraceful loss in the France and Indian War, France wanted to shift the balance of power, hoping to remove some of England’s dominance. The philosopher Rousseau helped Franklin lobby the French government to aid the Americans. Therefore France went to war with the Americans to exact revenge on the British Also, many of the French were sympathetic to the Americans. Later in the war, the French gave large numbers of infantry led by General Lafayette, and French warships reached the American revolutionaries. They volunteered their services including Lafayette, as well as give off their financial support for the training of the many inexperienced and beleaguered American army (â€Å"French Volunteers and Supporters of the American Revolution†). In 1780 came the most crucial help, which was the arrival of French troops in Rhode Island. A year after this resulted to the defeat of the British who were under the command of Cornwallis. American and French troops fighting at each other’s side might have been an odd picture, considering that both parties had been enemies about fifteen years earlier. France’s assistance became a significant instrument for the emergence of America as an independent nation (â€Å"The French Contribution to the American War of Independence†). B. Spanish Contribution That the Spanish fought alongside with Americans in the latter’s bid to be free of Britain’s control is not often taught or largely known by many. The subject’s ambiguity extends amongst historians who are not in agreement towards the extent and importance of Spain’s role for the forging of independence for the colony. According to Samuel Bemis, Spain rejoiced over the fighting by the British and Americans that such a war could result to the dwindling of power for both. Like the French, the Spanish government was far from being inspired by the morals of democracy. It was also poised to seize and regain control of lost territories to England, with the end result of weakening the whole British Empire. But unlike the French, the Spanish support was not impassioned by the oppression felt by the Americans from the British. It could even have felt hostile to the cause, fearing this could spread and inspire its own colonies to revolt. For Bemis, Spain’s involvement was not a key role for the success of the American Revolution (S. Bemis. The Diplomacy of the American Revolution). However, this has been challenged by many historians including Thomas Chavez. They believe that Spanish support played a significant role and its effects are far reaching than thought by many (T. Chavez. Spain and the Independence of the United States: An Intrinsic Gift). The colonists acknowledged that Spain’s financial and military contribution helped brought the victory (M. Recio. â€Å"Exhibit Looks at Spain’s Influence on American Revolution†). C. Polish Contribution Some Polish immigrants played an illustrious military career as they served the Continental Army. Silas Deane and Benjamin Franklin’s recruitment of Tadeusz Kosciuszko in France, a Polish general and considered by his fellow countrymen as a national hero due to his victory over the Russian Empire, paved the Polish influence over American independence. Arriving in America in 1776, he served as a colonel of the Continental Army during the revolution. Kosciuszko became an ardent believer of the tenets sited in the Declaration of Independence. This also led him to make effort to meet Thomas Jefferson, the man who penned the Declaration. The meeting created a bond of deep appreciation and friendship towards one another. One of his vital contributions was the fortification of Philadelphia. Other ports were constructed under his command which proved critical such as the American retreat from the Battle of Ticonderoga and the battle won at Saratoga in 1777 (â€Å"Tadeusz Kosciuszko†). Another key Polish influence was the nobleman Count Casimir Pulaski. A freedom fighter even in his native land, he fought against Russia’s control over Poland. Defeated, he left his country to escape captivity, transferred to different parts of Europe and finally came to France. Upon hearing of American’s struggle for independence, Pulaski sought to join the American’s fight. He volunteered his military service before Deane and Franklin. Later, he received recommendation by Washington for the count to serve as cavalry commander. Later, he served the Continental army as brigadier general and proved his dedication for the cause (AnnMarie Francis Kajencki. Count Casimir Pulaski: From Poland to America, a Hero’s Fight for Liberty). D. Prussian Contribution One of the prominent Prussian influences of the American Revolution was Frederick William Freiherr Von Steuben, who enlisted himself to join the American’s fight against British rule. He gained military training and prominence as he served the Prussian’s fight during the Seven Years War (or French and Indian War). Proof of his mettle in battle was his ascent as aide to Frederick the Great. He met Franklin in France, after which he sailed to America, armed with a letter of introduction to George Washington. His major contributions were his introduction of European military training and discipline to the unskilled colonist army and transform it to become more reliable, which lifted up the quality of service among its troops. He made considerable help to Washington in planning strategies and mobilization of the Continental Army. He was hailed as one of the credible heroes of the revolution (â€Å"Frederick William (Augustus) Freiherr (Baron) Von Steuben Biography, 1730–94†). IV. Conclusion Clearly, without foreign assistance or influence, the American victory would have been impossible. Fortunately for the Americans, this aid came with no strings attached. Neither Spain nor France gained territory for her efforts in this costly war. Ironically though, France’s major assistance to the American’s fight for freedom brought the French government into debt and financial crisis. In fact the war helped destabilize the French nation’s economy, leading to the French Revolution. It inspired liberalism and brought a wave of change throughout Europe. The change it brought was inevitable. Not only did it set aflame the winds of revolution in France but to the American colonies of Spain as well (â€Å"American Revolution – The Complete History 1775-1783†). The American success story could not stop the inspiration that a nation can change its own society. It marked a new milestone in the history of democracy. The Americans asserted their right to establish their own government, which sent the waves across the Atlantic and to people everywhere the will of the people should reign supreme in any society.

Fantasy in Theatre :: Fantasy Shakespeare Theatre Drama Essays

Fantasy in Theatre In preperation for our performance on the above subject, we firstly listened to several pieces of fantasy music as a guided visualisation in which we were asked to imagine going through different doors and to visualise what was behind them. This then inspired us to experiment with diferent stylistic devices to include in our performance. We were given two pieces of text that was goin to be the scope for our piece of Drama, they were: A Midsummer Night's Dream - A play by William Shakespeare. Era wise, there were no problems with using this, as Shakespeare is timeless and can be set in any period of history, including modern day. This particular play is set in the dream like world of fairies. The Lord of the fairies, Oberon, has an argument with his lover, Titiania, over a young boy she has adopted after the death of her waiting woman. Oberon wants her to hand over the child to him, Titania refuses. Oberon decides to send Puck to fetch a magic flower, the juice of which, dropped into Titanias' eyes will make her fall in love with the first thing she sees in order to trick her. He hopes that this will distract her so he can take the boy. The Jabberwocky - This is a poem written by Lewis Carroll (from Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There, 1872) It tells of the defeat of a mythical monster. By reading the text, we can see that it doesn't really make much sense, but we can make some sense of the words by their sounds. In our group, we started discussing our ideas then looked at the two texts and fitted our ideas around them. In our performance, we decided to have good and evil involved, we had 2 dream masters and 4 other people. 2 of which were taken by the evil dream master who gave them nightmares, the other 2 were taken by the good dream master who fulfilled their fantasies. The 4 characters had there own dream, one wanted everything they asked for, another wanted to be an Indian, another wanted to remain popular and successful at school, and lastly the focal point was on the character who wanted to see her Mother again because she passed away. We used the idea out of 'A Midsummer Night's Dream' where Titania was put asleep, in our play,we also took the idea of having 2 dream masters from the characters Oberon and Puck. The dream master puts the 4 characters to sleep using his powers. The first 3 characters have there dream or fantasy then the girl who

Case Study: the Coca-Cola Company Struggles with Ethical Crises

The Coca-Cola Company Struggles with Ethical Crises Coca Cola has been a leading competitor in the beverage industry and has the world’s top leading soft drinks, including Coke, Diet Coke, Fanta and Sprite. It also sells other brands such as Powerade, Minute Maid and Dansani. Coca Cola has the largest distribution system in the world. This company has demonstrated a strong market orientation, making strategic decisions and taking actions to attract, satisfy and retain customers. With changes in top management over the life of this company, Coca Cola leadership seemed to lack the ability to handle a series of ethical crises.Coca Cola’s ethical and legal problems have caused its stock to remain at the same price for the last ten years. The company has had issues with a contamination scare with consumers becoming ill after the consumption of the product in different countries. There has been issues internally with discrimination suits against the company by the African Ame rican employees, market research has been contaminated, sabotage within the company, and attempts to inflate earnings; all of which negatively affected the company. . Coca Cola has had one ethical issue after another over at least the last ten years. Investors, employees, customers, interest groups, the legal system, and the community often determine whether a specific action is right or wrong or ethical or unethical. With each of these determinants, they are the foundation of a strong ethical business. The ethical issues with Coca Cola are a result of inconsistent leadership.Coca Cola leaders did not execute strong ethical habits which resulted in a long chain of unethical practices. 2. Based on Enron’s downfall, I don’t think that Coca-Cola will have the same outcome. Enron’s downfall was a result from top management hoarding money for their personal gain. I feel with those unethical acts performed by Enron for strictly for the personal gain of the individuals involved. Coca-Cola’s issues appeared to be the direct reflection of poor management and ethical skills, specifically top management. . Coca-Cola should start with the top management and re-evaluate the ethical foundation. First, the company needs to understand the individual factors, organizational factors, ethical intensity and opportunity to determine the intentions and evaluations of the business. The leadership influences the ethical decisions performed by the business as a whole. Also Coca Cola needs to address and resolve any lingering ethical dilemmas going forward and work to continuously build a strong ethical foundation.

Depreciation Essay

Depreciation Essay A method of accelerated depreciation, in which double the straight-line depreciation amount is taken the first year and then that same percentage, is applied to the un-depreciated amount in subsequent years is called double-declining-balance-method. Depreciation methods that provide a higher depreciation charge in the first year of an asset’s life and gradually decreasing charges in subsequent years are called â€Å"accelerated depreciation methods†.This may be a more realistic reflection of an asset’s actual expected benefit from the use of the asset, which many assets are most useful when they are new. One popular accelerated method is the double-declining-balance-method. Under this method the book value is multiplied by a fixed rate and is the most common rate which is use. When using the double-declining-balance-method the salvage value is not considered in determining the annual depreciation but the book value of the asset being depreciate d is never brought below its salvage value, regardless of the method used.The process continues until the salvage value or the end of the asset’s useful life is reached. In the last year of depreciation a subtraction might be needed in order to prevent book value from falling below estimated scrap value. Since double-declining- balance depreciation does not always depreciate an asset fully by its end of life some methods also compute a straight-line depreciation each year and apply the greater of two. This has the effect of converting from declining-balance depreciation to the straight-line depreciation at a midpoint in the asset’s life.

buy custom Nurses Associate Certification essay

buy custom Nurses Associate Certification essay Nurses associate certification with pay increase, better-paying jobs, respect and improved self-image. However, not all benefits of certification are real. Some people may question the rationale of a nurse having to incur additional expenses in terms of time, money and energy merely to put additional initials in front of his name. This, though, is not where the main problem lies. The main problem is with the perceptions associated with certification. The state of affairs in nursing profession is far from settled and the certification designs to be adopted in future certifications remain uncertain. Tenney, Demoucell and Wians (1992). Woods (2009) notes that in the year 2001, 341,000 certifications were made, spanning in 134 specialties. The certifications were made by 67 different certifying organizations. The main reason for this high number of certifications was the marketing potential that nurses believed, and continue to believe certification has. However, these figures are an indication of a reduction in the number of nurses who have been seeking certification since the early 1990s. According to recent research, specialty nurse training and education can improve the quality of care given to patients. Specialty nurse certification can also improve the job satisfaction of nurses, leading to a sense of empowerment. Additionally, it may result in positive effect collaboration among team members in the healthcare system. Despite the potential for these rewards to accrue to nurses, there is lack of extrinsic value to people who are in the nursing profession, making it unlikely that a higher number of nurses will be attracted into certification programs unless opportunities for recognition and greater compensation are put in place by administrators. Certification brings about intrinsic value to nurses. Intrinsic values are non-tangible benefits such as indication of professional growth, validation of knowledge, personal satisfaction, indication of attainment of a practice standard and a feeling of personal accomplishment. It fails to bring about extrinsic benefits. Although intrinsic rewards by far outnumber intrinsic rewards, extrinsic rewards appear to be the main driving force that motivates nurses into deciding whether to become certified or not. Some of the most referred to extrinsic rewards include increased knowledge, enhanced collaboration between member of the medical profession and improved skills. This research sets out to find out whether nurses are motivated by extrinsic or intrinsic rewards with the basis of investigation being the perceptions that dominate the nurses understanding of extrinsic and intrinsic rewards. This research will be beneficial to all stakeholders of health care, especially those involved in setting up of policy frameworks in the nursing profession. For nurses, this research will shed light on the real benefits of getting specialty certification. For employers, the findings of this research will be useful in setting up frameworks that ensure that the needs of nurses are met, the most important of which is recognition of those nurses who have dedicated their time, money and energy into efforts to get specialty certification. Significance of the Problem. Certification, in most cases, is a matter of a nurses individual efforts. Even in cases where reimbursements and additional payments are made for nurses who pursue certification, this scenario is more of an exception rather than a rule. When nurses register for certification, this results in shortage of nurses, increased call duty on nurses days off and limited time spent on oneself and family. There is need for an assessment to be made on the true cost of certification and whether the accruing benefits are worth the efforts made. Against this backdrop, this research may be a good reference point for policymakers in the healthcare sector. Through proper policies, some fundamental stressors that nurses encounter can be eliminated and nurses may get better rewards for their efforts at certification. Wade (2009) notes that a better understanding of the enticements and interventions that would make more nurses seek certification certified can prove beneficial to the health care industry, patients and the nursing profession. For the nursing profession, the findings of this research have very far-reaching implications. Wade (2009) reports fears that there are too many nurses leaving the profession and at the same time, there are too few nurses entering the profession. However, he expresses the hope implied by recent researches, which indicate that nurses who feel empowered in their work environments, and who are recognized for their contributions are likely to stick to their profession. Certification is one of the ways through which the experience, cmpetence, knowledge and contribution of nurses to the healthcare sector is recognized. Therefore, argues Wade (2009), it has the potential to bring about retention of nurses in the profession. By addressing the issue of perception towards intrinsic and extrinsic rewards of certification, this research highlights the true meaning of this process, what it takes to become certified, the policy implications and most importantly, the potential of certification to bring about satisfaction and retention of nurses. This research has far-reaching theoretical implications on Benners theoretical model, which ranks proficiency from the level of a novice to that of an expert (Benner, 1984 cited in Wade, 2009). According to this model, nurses gain knowledge and develop skills of nursing practice by passing through five levels: novice, advanced beginner, competent nurse, proficient nurse, and expert nursing professional. When nurses opt out of the nursing career on account of lack of satisfaction, Benners model may be seen to be an ineffective tool for explaining this scenario. When there is a proper assessment of the certification factor in a research such as this one, Benners theoretical framework becomes a credible tool of explaining career progression in the nursing profession. Purpose of the Study The aim of this study is to find out whether nurses are motivated to seek certification by extrinsic benefits or extrinsic rewards. The case study method of inquiry will be used will be used to gather qualitative data for purposes of identifying the reasons that motivate nurses into seeking certification. The analysis of these findings will be done in such a way that perceptions about the rewards of certification will be highlighted. Perceptions that nurses have concerning certification determine how motivated the feel to undertake a certification education and exam. For this reason, any study of intrinsic and extrinsic benefits of nursing, whether perceived or real, has to focus on what nurses perceptions about certification really are. The main units of analysis will include The nature of perceptions of empowerment among nationally certified nurses Relationship between professional characteristics and clinical nursing expertise: focus on the role of certification. Perceptions on the value of specialty nursing certification In each unit of analysis, focus will be on the motives that drive nurses into seeking specialty certification and these professions perceive the relationship between empowerment through certification and career progression as described in Benners theoretical model. An assessment will be made on the likelihood of a perceived intrinsic or extrinsic reward driving a nurse into seeking specialty certification. Different relevant case studies will be analyzed based on the gaps in knowledge indicated in the literature review section. Does specialty certification give intrinsic and extrinsic rewards that are necessary for build-up of proficiency from the level of novice to expert among nurses? Definition of Terms Extrinsic benefits-these are the benefits that accrue as extra rewards upon compliance by professionals. They include increased pay, free food at the hospitals cafeteria, free long-distance calls over the hospitals cyber caf, transport, remuneration packages for overtime-hour schedules and so on. Intrinsic benefits Intrinsic values are non-tangible benefits such as indication of professional growth, validation of knowledge, personal satisfaction, indication of attainment of a practice standard and a feeling of personal accomplishment. Intrinsic benefits are very integral sources of job satisfaction. Specialty certificationthis is the mechanism through which the nurses are recognized for their professional qualifications, practice and experience, mainly for purposes of validating clinical competency and bringing about professional growth. Theoretical Framework. Benners theoretical model that involves ranking proficiency from the level of a novice to that of an expert will guide this study. According to this model, as nurses continue to develop skills as well as to gain knowledge through nursing practice, they pass through five levels of proficiency. This theory is based on the proposition that each level is always built heavily upon the experiences that have been generated at lower levels (Benner, 1984). The different levels of nursing described by Benner include novice, advanced beginner, competent nurse, proficient nurse and expert level. These levels are a reflection of a nursses movement from the reliance on abstract principles to repeated use of past education and experience (Benner, 1984) Without a proper understanding of the complexities of acute situations that tend to be very perplexing, a novice nurse is very limited to routine task performance that requires little analysis. A step up from the level of a novice, advanced beginners may have the ability to perform simple emergency tasks within a department such as triaging very simple, straightforward cases as well as recognizing and identifying normal variability in vital signs that are common in clinical scenarios. However, practitioners at the level of an advanced beginner may still be mislead by atypical scenarios, so competent nurses apply critical thinking and analytical skills while assessing multiple relevant elements present in patients condition in order to devise treatment plans encompassing both short-term and long-term goals (Benner, 1984). In Benners theory, emphasis is on education and experience as key factors of helping a nurse move from the level of a novice to that of an expert nurse. In the first unit of analysis entitled The nature of perceptions of empowerment among nationally certified nurses, all the levels of professional development that Benner outlines will be the main reference point. Instances where notions of empowerment do not coincide with the needs of professional growth as outlined by Benner, then such notions will be considered to be perceptions. From this point, it will be easy to refer to these perceptions as the basis of determining their influence on nurses decision to seek specialty certification. Benners theoretical framework will also be used to research the second unit of analysis entitled, Relationship between professional characteristics and clinical nursing expertise: focus on the role of certification. The role of certification in each of Benners stages of professional growth will be succinctly defined. A qualitative analysis of different case studies will make it easy for various points at which nurses start to perceive the need for specialty certification to be identified. In the third unit of analysis, Perceptions on the value of specialty nursing certification, focus will be on the effect of certification towards nurses attitude towards challenges in the process of becoming experts. Although the relationship between specialty certification and competence is yet to be examined by researchers in the medical field (Kendall-Gallagher 2009), there are many case studies from which analysis can be made on these relationships. This research will make use of such secondary data in order to derive analyses and arrive at findings. Moreover, the relationship between competence and safety of patients in the hands of caregivers, which in recent years has attracted a large body of research information, will also be explored. Assumptions and Limitations. The most fundamental assumption in this research is that the research findings of all the research studies where secondary data will be gathered will be accurate. It is impossible for abstract notions used by novice nurses to be quantified, which is why the qualitative method suits this research best. Moreover, at the level of a novice, a nurse may lack exposure to the understanding of the notions of empowerment as they apply to more experienced nurses who are seeking specialty certification. They may also follow the crowd when registering for specialty certification exams. The accuracy of analyses derived from this groups information may be contested. In the first unit of analysis, perceptions will be derived from lack of congruency between notions of empowerment and the need for professional growth. In this case, the respective nurses will be considered to be making moves towards certification using the wrong arguments. However, there could be other underlying motivating factors that may which lie outside the scope of this research. Summary Paragraph. The need to create a work environment that is conducive to nurses is an important issue in healthcare. Nurses, like all other professionals, love opportunities and if they believe that certification brings them closer to where professional opportunities are, they should be encouraged to seek certification. This goes a long way in analyzing researches that have been done before relating to the nursing professional environment, with and without certification. Within this environment, an analysis of nurses perception s towards specialty certification is made. Although it is a nurses sole discretion to decide why to get certification and why not to do so, this professional decision is of national significance, something that this research seeks to exemplify. Buy custom Nurses Associate Certification essay

Free Essays on Zeitgeist

The expression â€Å"zeitgeist,† with credit to Merriam Webster Dictionary, refers to the general intellectual, moral, and cultural climate of an era; the spirit of the time. When we reference this notion of zeitgeist against a particular time or era, we do so with respect to the taste and outlook characteristic of that period or generation. Also, in regards to the zeitgeist of a particular time, one must look at the effect it has on people. In order to narrow our research, we shall focus our efforts of briefly identifying the zeitgeist at the turn of the twentieth century. Turn-of-the-century periods are curious times; liminal spaces between the eras being left behind and the ones that have yet to unfold. Such was the turn of the twentieth century. The â€Å"turn,† as it was once referred to, featured a time in which a sense of faith poured into science and technology. The general public of the time were captivated by the technology of flight that came onto the scene at the turn of the century. The growth of expertise in scientific knowledge spearheaded an â€Å"ism† that has a much attractive connotative ring than many of the â€Å"isms† of early and modern days: professionalism. Professionalism more or less initiated a movement into what we today consider respectable professions. Professionalizing such areas as the medical field and engineering added a much-needed degree of competency to each respective field, barring the incompetent. However, the professional status in these areas was reached by only a select few: white Anglo-Saxon males coined the â€Å"majority.† The turn of the twentieth century fostered this type of intellectual and cultural climate. It restricted the access of the professional ranks to those not in the majority making it difficult for women, blacks, and working class immigrants to reach these ranks. Also, during this time, social workers sought professional status. Those in this area sought out t... Free Essays on Zeitgeist Free Essays on Zeitgeist The expression â€Å"zeitgeist,† with credit to Merriam Webster Dictionary, refers to the general intellectual, moral, and cultural climate of an era; the spirit of the time. When we reference this notion of zeitgeist against a particular time or era, we do so with respect to the taste and outlook characteristic of that period or generation. Also, in regards to the zeitgeist of a particular time, one must look at the effect it has on people. In order to narrow our research, we shall focus our efforts of briefly identifying the zeitgeist at the turn of the twentieth century. Turn-of-the-century periods are curious times; liminal spaces between the eras being left behind and the ones that have yet to unfold. Such was the turn of the twentieth century. The â€Å"turn,† as it was once referred to, featured a time in which a sense of faith poured into science and technology. The general public of the time were captivated by the technology of flight that came onto the scene at the turn of the century. The growth of expertise in scientific knowledge spearheaded an â€Å"ism† that has a much attractive connotative ring than many of the â€Å"isms† of early and modern days: professionalism. Professionalism more or less initiated a movement into what we today consider respectable professions. Professionalizing such areas as the medical field and engineering added a much-needed degree of competency to each respective field, barring the incompetent. However, the professional status in these areas was reached by only a select few: white Anglo-Saxon males coined the â€Å"majority.† The turn of the twentieth century fostered this type of intellectual and cultural climate. It restricted the access of the professional ranks to those not in the majority making it difficult for women, blacks, and working class immigrants to reach these ranks. Also, during this time, social workers sought professional status. Those in this area sought out t...